The European Age of Exploration

1. The European Age of Exploration Graphic scene of violence here Part II: Divide and Conquer, Colonize,Exploit, Enslave, Rape, Pillage and Kill

2. Pre-Columbian America • Central and South America • Most natives members ofone of two major empires(they are ?)

3. Pre-Columbian America • NorthAmerica • Howmanydifferenttribalgroups? • No“empires”

4. “Discovery” • Columbus begins the pattern of destruction • Others follow… Hands of Arawaks cut off after attempted rebellion (must set an example) Tainos hung and burned after trying to escape

5. Europe and the New World • The Columbian Exchange • (Europe, Africa, Western Hemisphere) • Population Growth • Due to new foodstuffs from New World

6. The Spanish in America • Missions • Economics • Plantations • Encomiendas(definition?) Nativesare subjects of themonarch, therefore… • Las Casas – “Enslavement of the native people is wrong,” so… • Slavery (African) • Why are they brought tothe New World by theSpanish?

7. Native American Populations • Original estimates low • Helped assuage European guilt • Disease! (main factor) A modern adult with smallpox

8. EFFECTS FOR AMERICA • Expansion of overseas territorial claims and • European migrationto North and South America • Demiseof Aztec and Inca Empires • Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorialrule • in Latin America • Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved • Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns • of their parent countries • European plantation system in the Caribbean and the • Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged • the environment.

9. EFFECTS FOR AFRICA • European trading posts along the coast • Trade in slaves, gold, and other resources

10. Global Trade – The Dutch (who?) • First to compete with Portugal • 1599 – First shipment of spices fromAsia (big profit) • Outposts in southern Africa(Capetown) • Leaders of commerce by late 1500s • Dutch East India Co. • First successful joint stock company • Like Exxon, but with guns • Take Malacca from Portugal in 1641, monopolize spice trade • New Amsterdam dominates NA fur trade • Amsterdam THRIVES! (“Paris of the North” – wealth, commerce and culture) Capetown

11. Trade with the Sleeping Giant • The Ultimate Prize! • China was fixed in the European imagination as an exotic kingdom with fabulous wealth and luxury • Hesitant to trade with Europeans • Couldn’t offer better goods • Portuguese first to be granted privileges (minor) at Macao • Only accepted gold (major implications for European rulers, i.e., New World) • Protection of Chinese culture

12. Trade with the Sleeping Giant • Restrictive trade policies • Reflected Chinese conception of themselves as the “Middle Kingdom” (who needs Europe?) Ming Dynasty Porcelain

13. EFFECTS FOR ASIA • Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) • Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent. • Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems.

14. China • Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade • Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences • and trade • Japan • Adopted a policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

15. England and France in America • England – creatingan Empire • 1580 – Drake returns with $25 million • Jamestown – 1stpermanentsettlement – 1607 • Seeking? • Massachusetts,Pilgrims, 1620,Mayflower Compact • Seeking? • Mostly as brutal asthe Spanish

16. England and France in America • France – Focus ontrade • Missionaries • Fur trade • Relations withNatives? • Alliances &Intermarriage

17. Slave Trade • The triangulartrade • A few triangles, actually Part of a much larger trading network

18. The Triangular Trade

19. Mercantilism • Europe’s economic philosophy 1600s-1800s • Wealth is finite (premise) • Increase of one nation’s requires decrease of another’s • Measured ina nation’sholdings(gold, silver) • Goal? • Favorablebalance oftrade (?) • Alltransactionsbenefit“mother country” • Colonies exist solely to serve “her” Theory has major implications for your homeland!

20. (2) Due to this new Age of Exploration, Europeans changed basic economic practices! Banks added services to meet the needs of exploration. Cities began to produce coins with fixed values. The Commercial Revolution Joint-Stock Company: Owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company to investors. Would you take the financial risk?

21. How did things change? Banks began to add services to meet the needs of exploration! Lending money to people like Columbus… Merchants and trades-people needed a standard system of money

22. Joint-stock company A business organization that developed during the Age of Exploration Owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company Raised large sums of money from investors to finance exploration! Like the stock market

23. $1 Nike Stock Scenario A: New Jordan’s are a hit! Sales of Air Jordan’s in 2012 explode Stock is now worth $5! Scenario B: Jordan arrested on drug charges! Sales of Air Jordan’s in 2012 plummet Stock is now only worth $0.25!

24. Mercantilism – a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth. Favorable balance of trade:Sell (or export) more goods than you buy (or import) from foreign countries Tariffs:Import taxes on goods coming into the country Subsidies:Grants of money to help business people start new industries Colonies:Ideally, lands were rich in gold, silver, and raw materials

25. Tariff Honda – Japanese made Ford – American made Honda pays a tariff when it brings Honda Accords to the U.S. They add that additional cost to the price of the good.