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Christianization & Heresies

Christianization & Heresies. Christianization of the Empire. 313: Edict of Milan by Constantine Legalized Christianity 380—Theodosius I Declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire All other religions were outlawed. Christianization of the Empire. Split of Empire:

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Christianization & Heresies

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  1. Christianization & Heresies

  2. Christianization of the Empire • 313: Edict of Milan by Constantine • Legalized Christianity • 380—Theodosius I • Declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire • All other religions were outlawed

  3. Christianization of the Empire • Split of Empire: • West • Culture and language: Latin • Main city: Rome • East • Cultures: Greek, Syrian, and Coptic • Language: Greek • Main cities: Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople

  4. Christianization of the Empire • Beginning of Christian societies • Shortening of catechumenate • Babies baptized • Churches replace Pagan temples • Veneration of martyrs, saints, and relics • Christianization of names/celebrations • Ex: Winter Solstice became Christmas • Bishop became leader in all aspects of life

  5. Arianism • Arius(d. 336)—priest in Alexandria • 4 key views: • Father alone is God. • Jesus was “made” and has a beginning. • Jesus is from nothing. • The Son makes the universe, but is not God. • Bishop Alexander of Alexandria (d. 339)—tells Arius he must repent. • Becomes an international dispute.

  6. Arius

  7. Arianism • Constantine (d. 338) advised to call a council. • Council of Nicaea(325) & new creed • Jesus is “true God from true God.” • Jesus is “begotten, not made.” • Jesus is from “the substance of the Father.”—homoousious(consubstantial) • Many anathemas against Arius and his beliefs. • Arius is exiled, and he disappears. But the real dispute lives on…

  8. Arianism • Uncomfortable with the word homoousious. • 340s-360s: Many new creeds and councils • Arians controlled much of the Roman Empire. In 358, there was even an Arian creed passed, which made it illegal to say homoousious.

  9. Athanasius of Alexandria

  10. Arianism • Athanasius of Alexandria(d. 373)—bishop and defender of Christ as God • Sent on 5 exiles! • Life of Antony. • Deification: Only God can make us God-like. Jesus makes us God-like, therefore Jesus is God.” • Eternal Generation—“Jesus is light from light.”

  11. Cappadocian Fathers • Gregory of Nyssa (335-394) • Gregory of Nazianzus (d. 389) • Basil of Caesarea (330-379)

  12. Cappadocian Fathers

  13. Cappadocian Fathers • The Council of Constantinople (381) • Formula: God is 3 persons in one essence. (3 hypostases in one ousia.) • Deification by the Holy Spirit. • Arguments against them

  14. St. Ambrose of Milan (339-397)

  15. St. Ambrose of Milan (339-397) • Monk and later Bishop of Milan • Renowned preacher • Fights for Church independence • Excommunicated Emperor Theodosius • Fights Arianism and other heresies

  16. St. Augustine

  17. St. Augustine

  18. St. Aurelius Augustine of Hippo (354-430) • Bishop, monk, teacher, & theologian • Late conversion in life. • He went to hear a speech…the opponent was St. Ambrose. • Scenes in the Garden (386) when he hears a child’s voice say, “Take and read.”

  19. St. Aurelius Augustine of Hippo (354-430) • Fought numerous heretics: Manicheans, Donatists, Pelagians, & Arians • Defends Christianity against the barbarians in The City of God • Autobiography of his life and conversion: Confessions • Wrote a set of monastic rules

  20. St. Aurelius Augustine of Hippo (354-430) • His ideas became the basis of Christianity. • One, Holy, catholic • Sacraments: Power of Christ • Man and woman are equal • Grace: As a gift from God • Original Sin

  21. Humanity of Christ • Alexandrian view: • “Perfect divinity of Christ” • Jesus has no human mind • The concern • Problems with this view

  22. Humanity of Christ • Antiochene View: • “Perfect humanity of Christ” • Biblical basis proves Jesus is fully human • View: Jesus was man fully possessed by God from birth. • Slogan: “Two natures in one person.” • Problems with this view

  23. Humanity of Christ • Antiochene View: • John Chrysostom (d. 407)

  24. Humanity of Christ • Antiochene View: • John Chrysostom (d. 407) • Preacher & monk • “Golden mouthed” • Named Patriarch of Constantinople • Wrote On the Priesthood

  25. Theotokos of Mary • St. Cyril of Alexandria(412-444) • Christ is a hypostatic union; He is one hypostasis. • Council of Ephesus(431)

  26. Leo the Great

  27. Theotokos of Mary • Council of Chalcedon(451) • Pope Leo I (Papacy: 440-461) a.k.a. Leo the Great • Tome finds the answer. • Fully human AND fully divine • Finally Leo’s Tome is approved along with the definition of the Council of Chalcedon. • “2 natures…in 1 person” • “…one substance” (hypostasis) • Mary as Theotokos and respect for the unity of Christ • Homoousious with the Father

  28. St. (Eusebius) Jerome (342-420)

  29. St. (Eusebius) Jerome (342-420) • Scholar, historian, & monk • Translated the Bible into Latin Vulgate (397) • Vulgate became the “official” Bible for the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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