GHSGT PREPARATION

1. GHSGT PREPARATION GOVERNMENT AND CIVICS

2. CONTENT DESCRIPTION • Government/Civics (18% of the test) • Assesses the philosophical foundations of the United States government and how the structure and functions of government developed (local, state, and national) and the relationship between the federal government, the states and individual citizens.

3. The Declaration of Independence • Based on social contract theories of British Political Philosopher--John Locke (1632-1704) • A government’s power comes from the consent of the people. (a social contract) -Jefferson declared that people the right to abolish an oppressive government and establish a new one. • All people are born free and equal, with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. -Jefferson changed the last of these to pursuit of happiness.

4. Foundational Principles of the Constitution • Rule of law (Written law restricts the government’s power) • Federalism (balance of local, state, and national government) • Popular sovereignty (the government serves the people) • Separation of powers (prevents the concentration and abuse of power) • Checks and balances (Allows branches of government to restrain each others powers)

5. Ratification of the Constitution Debate centered on the need for a strong central government versus state rights and individual rights James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay argued for a stronger central government in The Federalist Papers—they were concerned that regional factions might split up the country.

6. The Legislative Branch • Article I of the Constitution describes the powers, roles, and responsibilities of the legislative branch • Law-making powers of Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) • Law-making process (how a bill becomes a law) • Other responsibilities of government: budget, federal appointments, etc. • Describe the system of checks and balances by citing the checks and balances involved in the passing of a bill (e.g., presidential review and judicial review).

7. How a Bill Becomes a Law

8. Legislative Branch-Congress Membership of the House of Representatives 1. Each state represented proportional to their population 2. 435 total members 3. Representatives elected every 2 years Membership of the Senate 1. Each State elects two representatives 2. 100 total members 3. Senators elected for 6 year terms

9. Congressional Committees • Two basic types of Committees 1. authorizing (establish policies) 2. appropriations (funding) • Standing Committees (permanent) -19 in House, 17 in Senate - further divided into subcommittees (175 total) • Select Committees (special issues or investigations) • Joint Committees and Conference Committees -House and Senate Committees working together

10. House Speaker of the House House Majority Leader House Majority Whip House Minority Leader House Minority Whip Senate President= Vice-President (votes only as tie-breaker) President pro tempore Senate Majority Leader Senate Minority Leader Congressional Leadership

11. Powers of Congress • expressed powers (Written in Constitution) examples: Making Laws, FUNDING, Regulating Trade, Declaring War, Impeachment • Article I Section 8—known as the Elastic Clause -gives congress power to pass laws “necessary and proper” for doing its job. • Thus, Congress has Implied Powers. (not expressly written in the Constitution)

12. Powers Passes bills into law Over-ride Presidential veto by 2/3 vote Approval of Cabinet positions (Senate) “power of the Purse” Checks on Powers President’s power to veto laws passed by Congress Supreme Court’s power to rule laws unconstitutional Checks and BalancesLegislative Branch

13. The Executive Branch • Article II gives power of Enforcement and Implementation of federal law to the Executive Branch which is led by the President of the United States who is the Chief executive and chief agenda setter • Military power is under the President -he is the commander in chief of the armed forces • Diplomatic powers –negotiates agreements with other nations in the forms of treaties or executive agreements - he is representative of the nation, chief of state, and foreign policy leader • The President is the party leader—the head of his/her political party

14. Powers Approves or vetoes laws Carries out laws Appoints federal judges and officials Negotiates treaties Checks on Powers Congress can override veto by 2/3 vote Congress has power to approve spending Senate has power to approve appointments Senate approves treaties Congress can impeach Checks and Balances Executive Branch

15. Impeachment Process • Any person in the executive or judicial branch—including the President--can be removed from office by the legislature using the Impeachment Process—a two step process • The 1st step involves impeachment—or indictment (charges passed in the House of Representatives by a simple majority) • The 2nd step involves a trial in the Senate—which requires a two thirds majority to remove a person from office • Example: President Clinton was • impeached by the House but not • convicted in the Senate trial.

16. The Cabinet • Secretary of State – State Department (Relations with Foreign Countries) • Attorney General – Justice Department (Chief Prosecutor for the Government) • Secretary of Defense – In charge of all armed forces including: Army, Navy, Air force, Marines, National Guard • (New Department) Homeland Security -combines several agencies such as FBI, CIA, and Immigration and Naturalization

17. Presidential Election Process • Candidate announces candidacy • Presidential primaries in each state to determine delegates to party convention • Party conventions elect President and Vice-Presidential nominees • General Election Campaign between major party candidates • General Election –each state’s popular vote is converted to a winner take all electoral vote • Electoral College votes based on electoral vote totals

18. The Judicial Branch • Article III establishes the Supreme Court --Main role is Interpretation of the law -Judicial Review (Interpreting the Constitution) • Federal court system (three levels) Supreme Court (1- 9 Justices) Circuit Court of Appeals (13 Circuits) US District Courts (94 - 1 to 4 in each state)

19. Powers Interprets the meaning of Constitution and laws Rules on constitutionality of laws passed by congress and actions of the Executive Branch Checks on Powers Congress and States have the power to amend the Constitution Senate has authority to refuse appointments to the federal courts Congress can impeach a federal judge Checks and BalancesJudicial Branch

20. Powers of the State Governments Powers of the Federal Government Powers Shared by Federal and State

21. Responsibilities of Citizenship • participation in the community • respect for the property and views of others • paying taxes • obeying the law • voting • serving on a jury • registering for military duty • keeping informed on current issues

22. Citizens Rights - The Bill of Rights 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition 2. Right to bear arms 3. No quartering of troups without permission 4. No search and seizure without a warrant 5. Rights of the accused to remain silent 6. Right to a speedy trial 7. Right to a jury trial in civil cases 8. Rights to reasonable bail, fines and punishments 9. Powers reserved to the people 10. Powers reserved to the states

23. Other Key Amendments • 14th-Equal protection under the law for all persons born in the United States • 15th-Gave African American males voting rights • 17th –Direct election of Senators • 19th –Gave women voting rights • 24th –Abolished the poll tax • 26th –Extended voting rights to 18 year olds

24. Political Parties • Democratic Party (established in 1828) -promote strong central government that support the rights of the poor and minorities - more taxes for wealthy • Republican Party (established in 1854) - support smaller central government with more state and local control - less taxes for wealthy and businesses