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In the Middle:

In the Middle:. New York, New Jersey, Delaware Dutch 1634: Maryland Catholics 1681: Pennsylvania Quakers (pacifists, egalitarians) All become heterogeneous very quickly See p . 55 for traits. New York. Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies. Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands.

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In the Middle:

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  1. In the Middle: • New York, New Jersey, Delaware Dutch • 1634: Maryland Catholics • 1681: Pennsylvania Quakers (pacifists, egalitarians) • All become heterogeneous very quickly • See p. 55 for traits

  2. New York

  3. Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies

  4. Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands • 1600s  Golden Age of Dutch history. • Major commercial and naval power. • Challenging England on the seas. • 3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars • Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies]. • BASICALLY THEY WERE DOMINATING TRADE

  5. New Netherlands • New Netherlands  founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624) • They were hoping to repeat their success they were having all over • Manhattan [New Amsterdam] • Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

  6. New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639 Company town run in interests of the stockholders. No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy. Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic. Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted. Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

  7. New Amsterdam, 1660 • Characteristics of New Amsterdam: • Cosmopolitan  diverse population with many different languages and peoples • IS diversity good always good?

  8. New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony • Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] • 1664  English soldiers arrived. • Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. • Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. • Renamed “New York” • England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. • England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

  9. To Review:New York • Dutch set up New Amsterdam as center of fur-trading colony (1625) • Dutch take over New Sweden on the Delaware River (1655) • British duke of York takes colony, renames it New York (1664)

  10. Pennsylvania

  11. The Quakers • Settled in Pennsylvania – part of the Middle Colonies • Led by William Penn • His colony was a “holy experiment” – a good and fair society without a landowning aristocracy • Very tolerant group of people • Respected all religious points of view • Believed all people were equal • Pacifists – opposed war and refused to serve in the military • Because of these views, they were scorned by both the Church of England and the Puritans

  12. The Quakers • Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. • They offended religious & secular leaders in England. • Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. • They met without paid clergy • Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference. • Keep hats on. • Addressed them as commoners  ”thees”/“thous.” • Wouldn’t take oaths. • Pacifists.

  13. Quaker Meeting

  14. William Penn • AristocraticEnglishman who liked the Quaker faith. • Embraced Quakerismafter military service. • 1681  he received agrant from king toestablish a colony. • This settled a debt the king owed his father. • Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]. • He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers  his pamphlets were pretty honest. • Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

  15. Royal Land Grant to Penn

  16. Penn & Native Americans • Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians. • Quakers went among the Indians unarmed. • BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA • Treated native peoples poorly. • This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

  17. Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans

  18. Government of Pennsylvania Modeled the Quaker Faith • Representative assembly elected by landowners. • No tax-supported church. • Freedom of worship guaranteed to all. • Catholics/Jews were allowed to vote and hold office • Death penalty only for treason & murder. • (Compared to 200 capital crimes in England)

  19. Pennsylvanian Society • Attracted many different people • Religious misfits from other colonies. • Many different ethnic groups. • No provision for military defense. • No restrictions on immigration. • No slavery!! A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

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