Unit 4 Body Systems- Lymphatic and Immune, Musculoskeletal, Integumentary , and Sense Organs

1. Unit 4Body Systems- Lymphatic and Immune, Musculoskeletal, Integumentary, and Sense Organs Kelly Schwartz BSN, RN Online Instructor Missouri College Chapters 14-17 The Language of Medicine- Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. CHAPTER 14 Lymphatic and Immune System

3. Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune System Objectives: • Name the organs and structures of the lymphatic and immune system and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the lymphatic and immune system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the lymphatic and immune system.

4. Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune System Lymphatic and Immune System Functions- • Drains excess fluid • Carries nutrients • Digests unwanted material Immunity- the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs

5. What is Lymph?? Lymph: clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body • Originates in blood • Rich in lymphocytes and monocytes • Flows in lymph capillaries and vessels • Flows through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (liver, spleen, thymus, and nodes) • Absorbs lipids in the intestine

6. Major Organs and Structures of the Lymphatic System • Tonsils – filter bacteria • Thymus – role in immunity • Spleen - stores and produces RBC; gets rid of bacteria • Lymph vessels- drains excess fluid • Lymph nodes- digest unwanted material

7. Lymphatic System • Flow • Lymphatic capillaries • Lymphatics • Lymphatic ducts • Blood stream • Lymph node clusters- • Cervical, Submandibular, Axillary • Inguinal, Mediastinal

8. Immune System • Is our protection against disease! • When an infectious agent invades the body, the immune system is turned “on” by two type of cells: • T lymphocytes (T-cells)- kills virus infected cells and cancerous cells • B lymphocytes (B-cells)- produce antibodies

9. Immune System • Immunity: the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs; can be natural or acquired Resistance present at birth; not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen • By contracting a disease • By vaccination • Stem cell transplant

10. Terms Related to theLymphatic and Immune System Word Parts Meaning • immun/o protection • lymph/o lymph • lymphaden/o lymph node • splen/o spleen • thym/o thymus gland • tox/o poison • ana- again, anew • inter- between

11. Pathology • Lymphoma Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue • AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system • Allergy Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

12. CHAPTER 15 Musculoskelatal System

13. Chapter 15Musculoskeletal System Objectives: Name the organs and structures of the musculoskeletal system and describe their location and functions. Define the medical terms related to the musculoskeletal system. Describe conditions and diseases associated with the musculoskeletal system.

14. Chapter 15Musculoskeletal System Functions of the Musculoskeletal System: Bones- Protect and support the internal organs, assist in movement, manufacture blood cells, and storage area for minerals. Joints- Allow for flexibility Muscles- Responsible for movement

15. Major Bones of the Body

16. Joints, Cartilage and Ligaments • A jointor articulation is an area where two bones come together. • Ligaments – strong fibrous bands of connective tissue, connects bone to bone. • Cartilage –connective tissue surrounding bone.

17. Terms Related to theSkeletal System Combining Form Meaning • calc/o calcium • calci/o calcium • kyph/o posterior curvature in thoracic region • lamin/o lamina • lord/o curve • lumb/o loins, lower back

18. Terms Related to theSkeletal System Combining Form Meaning • myel/o bone marrow • orth/o straight • oste/o bone • scoli/o crooked • spondyl/o vertebra • vertebr/o vertebra

19. Terms Related to theSkeletal System • -blast embryonic cell • -clast to break • -listhesis slipping • -malacia softening • -physis to grow • -porosis pore, passage • -tome instrument to cut Suffix Meaning

20. Terms Related to theSkeletal System Combining Form Meaning • acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket) • calcane/o calcaneus (heal) • carp/o carpals (wrist bones) • clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone) • cost/o ribs • crani/o cranium (skull)

21. Terms Related to theSkeletal System Combining Form Meaning • femor/o femur (thigh bones) • fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone) • humer/o humerus (upper arm bone) • ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone) • ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone) • malleol/o malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)

22. Terms Related to theSkeletal System • mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone) • maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone) • metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones) • metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones) • olecran/o olecranon (elbow) • patell/o patella (kneecap) • pelv/i pelvis Combining Form Meaning

23. Terms Related to theSkeletal System • perone/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone) • phalang/o phalanges (finger, toe bones) • pub/o pubis • radi/o radius (forearm bone) • scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade) Combining Form Meaning

24. Terms Related to theSkeletal System • stern/o sternum (breastbone) • tars/o tarsals(bones of the hindfoot) • tibi/o tibia (shin bone) • uln/o ulna (lower arm bone) Combining Form Meaning

25. Terminology — Joints Combining Form Meaning • ankyl/o stiff • arthr/o joint • articul/o joint • burs/o bursa • chondr/o cartilage

26. Terminology — Joints Combining Form Meaning • ligament/o ligament • rheumat/o watery flow • synov/o synovial membrane • ten/o tendon • tendin/o tendon • -desis to bind, tie together • -stenosis narrowing

27. Pathology • Fracture Breaking of a bone • Osteoporosis Decrease in bone density: thinning/weakening of the bone • Rheumatoid Arthritis Chronic, autoimmune disease of the joints

28. Major Muscles of the Body • Anterior view • Facial muscles • Sternocleidomastoid • Pectoralis major • Serratus anterior • Abdominal muscles • Adductors of the thigh • Sartorius • Quadriceps femoris • Biceps brachii • Posterior view • Trapezius • Triceps brachii • Latissimusdorsi • Gluteus maximus • Gastrocnemius • Achilles tendon • Hamstrings • Deltoid

29. Types of Muscle Tissue • Striated (Skeletal) – under voluntary control. They move all the bones as well as face and eyes. • Smooth (Visceral)- control is involuntary- they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands). • Cardiac- not consciously controlled- found exclusively in the heart.

30. Movements of the Skeletal Muscle • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Abduction • Adduction • Pronation • Supination • Eversion • Inversion • Dorsiflexion • Plantar flexion

31. Terminology — Muscles Combining Form Meaning • fasci/o fascia • fibr/o fibrous • leiomy/o smooth muscle • my/o muscle • myocardi/o heart muscle • myos/o muscle • plant/o sole of the foot

32. Terminology – Muscles Suffix Meaning • -asthenia lack of strength • -trophy development, nourishment

33. Terminology – Muscles • ab- away from • ad- toward • dorsi- back • poly- many, much Prefix Meaning

34. Pathology • Muscular Dystrophy (MD) – muscular weakness and degeneration of muscle tissue • Rotator Cuff Tendinitis- inflammation of tendons that hold the shoulder together • Strain- overstretching or tear in a muscle- “pulled muscle”

35. CHAPTER 16 Integumentary System

36. Chapter 16Integumentary System Objectives: • Name the organs of the integumentary system and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the integumentary system. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the integumentary system.

37. Functions of Skin • Provides protective membrane • Skin glands lubricate and cool the skin • Receptorfor sensations- pain, pressure, temperature and touch • Helps maintain body temperature

38. Structure of the Skin Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue

39. Accessory Organs of the Skin Hair – cells filled with hard protein- keratin Nails-hard keratin plates covering fingers and toes Sebaceous Glands- secretes oil to lubricate Sweat Glands- moistens and cools

40. Terms Related to theIntegumentary System • adip/o fat • albin/o white • caus/o burn, burning • cauter/o heat, burn • cutane/o skin • derm/o skin Combining Form Meaning

41. Terms Related to theIntegumentary System • dermat/o skin • diaphor/o profuse sweating • erythem/o redness • erythemat/o redness • hidr/o sweat • ichthy/o scaly, dry Combining Form Meaning

42. Terms Related to theIntegumentary System • kerat/o hard • leuk/o white • lip/o fat • melan/o black • myc/o fungus • onych/o nail Combining Form Meaning

43. Terms Related to theIntegumentary System Combining Form Meaning • pil/o hair, hair follicle • py/o pus • rhythid/o wrinkle • seb/o sebum • squam/oscalelike

44. Terms Related to theIntegumentary System • steat/o fat • trich/o hair • ungu/o nail • xanth/o yellow • xer/o dry Combining Form Meaning

45. Colors

46. Pathology • Burns Injury to tissues cased by heat contact • First-degree • Second-degree • Third-degree • Fourth-degree (extends into the muscle) • Tinea Infection of the skin caused by a fungus • Malignant Melanoma Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes

47. CHAPTER 17 Sensory Organs The Eyes and the Ears

48. Chapter 17The Eyes and Ears Objectives: • Name the structures of the eyes and ears and describe their location and functions. • Define the medical terms related to the eyes and ears. • Describe conditions and diseases associated with the eyes and ears.

49. The Eye

50. The Eye • Pupil • Conjunctiva • Cornea • Sclera • Choroid • Iris • Ciliary body • Lens • Fundus • Anterior chamber • Aqueous humor • Vitreous chamber • Vitreous humor • Retina • Optic nerve • Optic disc • Macula • Fovea centralis