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Explore the concept, objectives, process, and tools of financial control measures within Public Financial Management (PFM) to ensure fiscal discipline, resource allocation, and effective service delivery.
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Financial Control Measures • Concept • Objectives • Process • Tools • Exercise
Concept of Public Financial Management (PFM) PFM in general incorporates the management of government revenue, budget, expenditure, deposit, debt, reimbursement, procurement and other important aspects of financial management such as accounting, recording and reporting. It also includes internal control, final audit and external scrutiny of the financial transactions.
Objective of PFM • Fiscal Discipline • Strategic Allocation of Resources • Effective Service Delivery
Concept of Financial controls Financial control is concerned with tracking and reporting on allocation, disbursement, and utilization of financial resources, using the tools of budgeting, accounting and auditing. Financial controls are the means by which an organization’s resources are directed, monitored, and measured.
Objectives Financial controls are the means by which an organization’s resources are directed, monitored, and measured • Optimum usages of financial resources • Value for money is achieved • There exists effective accountability measure • Financial transactions and events are made transparent
Objectives • Make sure the continued reliability of accounting systems • Confirming the accuracy of reporting • Ensure to reduces financial risk to the organization.
Objectives To achieve entity’s objectives related to operations,reporting, and compliance • Objective identified • Control Designed • Controls in Place • Objectives Achieved
Process • Establishing Standards • Measuring actual performance • Comparing performance with standards • Corrective action
Budget Cycle • 1. Policy and Planning • Fiscal Targets 3 years • Policy targets • Resource Management • Expenditure Priorities • 5. Audit and External Scrutiny • Auditor General • Public Accounts Committee • Parliament • 6. Evaluation and Policy Review • Outcome Evaluation • Annual Review and Policy Updation • NPC/NDC • 4. Accounting,Reporting and Monitoring • Monthly and Trimistrial Reports • (Expenditures and Outputs) • Integrated Financial Reporting • Annual Review. • 3. Budget Execution • Release of the Funds • Expenditure Control • Program Implementation • Revenue/ receipts • 2. Budget Preparation and Aproval • Revenue and Expenditure Projection • Financial Plan • Ministerial Allocations • Legislative Approval • Treasury Operation • Cash Management
How Financial Control is being exercised? Policies, Process, Procedures and through top Management • Laws, rules and regulations, directives, guidelines etc. • Internal checking, internal control and internal audit Through external enquiry and audit • External audit • Public society engagement
Control in different Level Area (Activities) of control • Physical, • Human, • Information and • Financial Resource
Level of control • Strategy, Tactical and Operation Stage of types of control • Based on time - Feed Forward, Back Forward and Concurrent
Checking that every thing is running the right track • Detecting errors and areas for improvement • Implement preventive measures • Communicate with and motivate employees • Take action where required
Financial Control Through Preventive Preventive controls are design to prevent problems rather than identify them. • Use of passwords to gain access to computer application system, • Required approval for all purchase orders over a certain rupee threshold. • Separation of Duties • Access Controls • Physical Audits • Standardized Documentation • Trial Balance • Periodic Reconciliations • Approval Authority
Auditing Auditing is defined as a systematic and independent examination of data, statement, records, operations and performance of an organization for a specified purpose. (क) लेखा भन्नाले कारोवार भएको व्यहोरा देखिने गरी प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम राखिनेअभिलेख,खाता, किताब आदि र कारोवारलाई प्रमाणित गर्ने अन्य कागजात समेतलाई जनाउँछ । (लेखापरीक्षण ऐन २०४८, को दफा २) (ख) परीक्षण भन्नाले लेखाको जाँच र त्यसको आधारमा गरिने मूल्याङ्कन तथा विश्लेषण समेतलाई जनाउँछ । (लेखापरीक्षण ऐन, २०४८ को दफा २ ग)
Auditing Approaches • Compliance Audit: Principles, Procedures and prevailing rules and regulation • Financial Statement Audit: Financial statement • Performance Audit: Economy, Efficiency and Effectiveness
Risk Based Audit • Understanding • Identifying and evaluating risk • Answering to identified risk • Concluding on areas of risk
Auditing Process • Notification • Planning • Opening Meeting ( Entry Meeting ) • Management Representation Letter –Picture1.jpg • Field work (Audit Techniques) : Examination of Record, Inquiry, Inspection, Comparison, Confirmation, Computation, Observation and Physical Examination.
Auditing Process • Communication • Report Drafting • Management Response • Closing Meeting (Exit Meeting- Minute must be done/Prepared ) • Report Distribution (Preliminary Report /Management Letter), • Final Report • Follow up • Quality Assurance
Auditing and Beruju in Local government • स्थानीय तहले आफ्नो आय तथा व्ययको अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षण महालेखा परीक्षकबाट गराउनु पर्नेछ। • स्थानीय तहले कानून बमोजिम आफ्नो आय र व्ययको आन्तरिक लेखा परीक्षण गराउनु पर्नेछ। • आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणले औँल्याएका कैफियत सम्बन्धित अधिकारीले अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षण हुनुभन्दा अगावै सम्परीक्षण गराउनु पर्नेछ। • आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणको एक प्रति अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षणका लागि खटिने डोर वा महालेखा परीक्षकले तोकेको व्यक्ति वा निकायलाई उपलब्ध गराउनु पर्नेछ।
Auditing and Beruju in Local government • नियमानुसार तोकेको निकायबाट लेखापरीक्षण गराउनु पर्ने • बेरुजूको अभिलेख राख्नु पर्ने । • कार्यविधि नपुर्याइ खर्च गरेको बेरुजूको रकम जिम्मेवार ब्यक्तिबाट असूलउपर हुने । • नियमित ढंगले असूलउपर नभए केन्द्रीय तहसिल कार्यालयबाट असूलउपर गराउने ।
बेरुजुःआन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षण (कार्यविधि) निर्देशिका, २०७३ बेरुजु भन्नाले प्रचलित कानून बमोजिम पु¥याउनु पर्ने रित नपु¥याई कारोवार गरेको वा राख्नु पर्ने लेखा नराखेको तथा अनियमित वा बेमुनासिव तरिकाले आर्थिक कारोवार गरेको भनी लेखापरीक्षण गर्दा औल्याएको वा ठह¥याएको कारोबार सम्झनु पर्दछ । (आर्थिक कार्यविधि ऐन, २०५५ को दफा २ द) बेरुजू वर्गीकरण १ असुल गर्नुंपर्नें २ नियमित गर्नुंपर्ने ३ पेश्की
स्थानीय सरकार सञ्चालन ऐन २०७४ लेखापरीक्षण:(दफा ७७) • स्थानीयतहले आफ्नो आय तथा व्ययको अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षण महालेखा परीक्षकबाट गराउनु पर्नेछ। • स्थानीय तहले कानून बमोजिम आफ्नो आय र व्ययको आन्तरिक लेखा परीक्षण गराउनु पर्नेछ। • आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणले औँल्याएका कैफियत सम्बन्धित अधिकारीले अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षण हुनुभन्दा अगावै सम्परीक्षण गराउनु पर्नेछ। • आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षणको एक प्रति अन्तिम लेखापरीक्षणका लागि खटिने डोर वा महालेखा परीक्षकले तोकेको व्यक्ति वा निकायलाई उपलब्ध गराउनु पर्नेछ।
समुह कार्य मामिला अध्ययन छलफल प्रस्तुति
जिम्मेवारी र जबाफदेहिता (पचपन्नौँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०७४) • लेखापरीक्षण र बेरुजू फछ्र्यौट नगराउँदा कुनै कारर्वाही नभएको, • सार्वजनिक लेखा समितिको निर्णय कार्यान्वयन तथा अनुगमन नभएको, • कार्यक्रम सञ्चालनमा जबाफदेही बनाउन नसकेको, • सार्वजनिक खर्च तथा वित्तीय जवाफदेहिता पालना नभएको, • कार्यसम्पादन सम्झौता कार्यान्वयन नभएको, • बेरुजू उपर कारबाही गरी असुल फछ्र्यौट नगरेको, • सम्पत्तिको संरक्षण र उपयोग प्रभावकारी नभएको ।
आन्तरिक नियन्त्रण, कारोबारको यथार्थता (पचपन्नौँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०७४ ) • नियन्त्रण प्रणाली सबल नभएको, जिम्मेवार व्यक्तिबाट अनुगमन निरीक्षण नभएको, • आन्तरिक लेखापरीक्षण विश्वसनीय नभएको, • सञ्चितकोषको लेखा र एकल खाता कोषले सबै कारोबार नसमेटेको, • नेपाल वित्तीय प्रतिवेदन मान कार्यान्वयन नगरेको, • कम्प्युटरमा आधारीत लेखाप्रणाली लागु भैनसकेको, • उद्देश्य अनुरुप कोष सञ्चालन नभई ठूलो रकम मौज्दात रहेको ।
बेरुजू बर्गीकरण पचपन्नौँ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन, २०७४ (रु. लाखमा)