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EOC Test Preparation: Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

EOC Test Preparation: Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction. States’ Rights. Favoring stronger government Unify national economy Provide infrastructure Pass legislation that states would need to follow Southern Politics Did not like the idea of stronger federal government

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EOC Test Preparation: Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

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  1. EOC Test Preparation:Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

  2. States’ Rights • Favoring stronger government • Unify national economy • Provide infrastructure • Pass legislation that states would need to follow • Southern Politics • Did not like the idea of stronger federal government • Any power not delegated to fed. gov. by Constitution went to state gov. • Slavery really had to do with property laws…which was a state right.

  3. South Carolina • John C. Calhoun argued for states’ rights • You don’t need to follow a law that is unconstitutional • Nullification Crisis in 1832 • High tariffs on British goods • SC threatened to secede if tariffs were not repealed • President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops • Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Tensions still existed

  4. Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? • Missouri Compromise • 1820 • All states admitted below 36 degrees north would be slave, all states above would be free • Missouri would be slave • Maine would be free

  5. Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? • Compromise of 1850 • Congress admitted California and unorganized western territories as free • Utah and New Mexico could decided by popular sovereignty (vote) if they would be free or slave. • Fugitive Slave Law-northern states must return escaped slaves to southern owners

  6. Conflict Over Slavery • Wilmot Provisio • War with Mexico reignited slave debate • Summer of 1846, PA congressman David Wilmot created the Wilmot Provisio (condition) • Banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico • Voted down, reopened sectional divisions

  7. Conflict Over Slavery • Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854 • Allowed previously free and unorganized territories to choose whether or not to permit slavery • Basically: repealed Missouri Compromise • “bleeding Kansas” because violence erupted • Sumner-Brooks incident • Sumner from MA, Brooks from SC

  8. Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott v. Sanford • 1857 • Scott was a slave in Missouri, taken by owner into a free territory where he lived for 4 years • Later, they returned to Missouri, owner died • Scott sued for freedom

  9. Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue b/c he was a slave, not citizen • Also ruled that slave owner could not be deprived of his “property” w/o due process of law • Struck down Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of 5th Amendment • Slave could not just leave his owner without due process, even if they were in a free state

  10. John Brown’s Raid • Oct. 1859 • Abolitionists led by John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. • Wanted to seize weapons and give them to slaves • Rebellion • Plan failed • US troops under Robert E. Lee surrounded them and forced their surrender • Brown was executed • Raid intensified southern resentment of abolitionist movement

  11. Free Blacks and Slaves (Mid 1800s) • Life for slaves was not good • Free African Americans existed because they had purchased their own freedom or masters had freed them • Worked as artisans, farmers, laborers, some owned businesses, some even owned slaves

  12. Abolitionist Movement • William Lloyd Garrison • Grimke sisters • Frederick Douglass • Slave who escaped to freedom • Harriet Tubman • Escaped slave • Underground RR • Harriet Beecher Stowe

  13. Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 • Democratic party split along sectional lines over free/slave • Northern Dems. Suppored popular soverignty • Stephen Douglas • Southern Dems. Wanted federal protection of slavery in all US territories • VP John Breckinridge • Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln

  14. Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 • South felt threatened by Lincoln b/c he was against its expansion • Lincoln won, SC seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860. • By February, 6 other states had seceded. • Southern delegates from the seceded states met in Montgomery, AL • Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis

  15. Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter • Union soldiers had only a month’s worth of supplies • Lincoln told governor of SC that he would be sending ships with food • Confederate soldiers opened fire on the fort, forcing Union troops to surrender (April, 1861)

  16. Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter (cont.) • Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers • Border states had to decide which side they would support • KY, MI, MD stayed with the Union • VA, NC, AK, TN went with Confederacy • Capital was moved to Richmond, VA

  17. Key People in the Civil War • Union • Lincoln • Ulysses S. Grant • William T. Sherman • Confederacy • Jefferson Davis • Robert E. Lee

  18. Advantages in the War • North • More railway lines • Supplies can be transported • More factories • Produce weapons and supplies • Standing military force • 2/3 of nation’s population lived in the North • Labor force and soldiers

  19. Advantages in the War • South • Originally, better military commanders • War of Attrition • Defensive war designed to damage and wear down enemy’s will to fight • Motivation • Believed they were defending their homeland, way of life, right to govern themselves

  20. Important Battles of the Civil War • First Battle of Bull Run/First Manassas • First confrontation between two armies • Big defeat for Union • Confederates were not organized enough to invade Washington DC • Anaconda Plan • Surround Confederacy and cut of supply lines • Coastal blockades

  21. Important Battles of the Civil War • Naval Battles • Ironclad-warships used by Confederacy with iron to protect it from enemy fire • Union still used wooden ships • Confederate ship the Merrimack/Virginia vs. Union Monitor fought for several hours • Both ships were later destroyed • Submarines were used • Union was the first to use

  22. Eastern Theater • Second Battle of Bull Run (Aug. 1862)/Second Manassas • Robert E. Lee commanded Army of Northern VA • Success for Confederacy • Union couldn’t invade Richmond • Lee made an attempt to invade the North

  23. Eastern Theater • Antietam (Sept. 1862) • Lee was ready to invade • General McClellan (Union’s commanding general) was unaware of Lee’s position until they found his orders at a Confederate camp • Antietam Creek, MD • Bloodiest single day of the war • Halted Confederate advance • McClellan didn’t pursue, Confederates got away

  24. Eastern Theater • Chancellorsville (May, 1863) • “Lee’s perfect battle” • General Stonewall Jackson and Lee defeated over 70,000 Union troops • What happened to Jackson?

  25. Eastern Theater • Gettysburg (July, 1863) • Key turning point • Lee’s forces were not as aggressive as usual • Couldn’t win high ground early in the battle • Union forces under General George Meade defeated Confederates and ended any hope for them to invade the North • 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, missing • Bloodiest battle in entire war

  26. Western Theater • Vicksburg (May-July 1863) • Mississippi • Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the river • General Grant (Union) laid siege (similar to Anaconda Plan) • People were starving, eating animals like dogs and rats

  27. Western Theater • Sherman’s March (May-Dec. 1864) • William T. Sherman commanding Union forces • Captured Atlanta • Secured reelection of Lincoln • March to the Sea • Lots of destructions of Southern areas

  28. Political Issues of the War • Issues with border states • Writ of habeas corpus-guarantee that a person can’t be imprisoned w/o being brought before a judge • Lincoln suspended this and declared martial law • Draft • Who was drafted? • Copperheads: Union Dems. Who criticized Lincoln

  29. Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union • But: allowed slavery in border states loyal to the Union • Hope was that Confederate states would return to union rather than risk losing slaves • Get support from France and England

  30. Emancipation Proclamation • Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army • Segregation existed in most military areas • Navy was the exception • Racism and discrimination still existed • 54th Massachusetts • Movie: Glory • Led an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, July 1863

  31. Union Victory • March 1864 • Grant in command of Union army • Union troops outnumbered Confederates • Grant’s armies lost 65,000 men in less than 2 months but Confederates were on the retreat • April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse • 2 weeks later: General Joseph Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in Durham, NC

  32. Reconstruction • Gov. attempted to rebuild (and punish) the South • Lincoln wanted healing, not all felt that way • Lincoln killed on April 14, 1865

  33. Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson • New president • Sympathetic to the South • Presidential Reconstruction plan • Radical Republicans-viewed Johnson’s plan as too lenient

  34. Reconstruction • Radical Reconstruction: • African Americans will get full citizenship rights, • Congress should oversee Reconstruction, • Majority of the voting population of a state needs to pledge allegiance before being readmitted to the Union

  35. Reconstruction • Republicans ended up dominating southern govs. During Reconstruction • Drafted new state constitutions which reflected their ideals • 14th Amendment • Recap: 13th ended slavery in the US • 14th: guaranteed that no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process • Blacks got full citizenship • Bill of Rights applied to both state and federal gov.

  36. Reconstruction • Johnson’s Impeachment • 1868: tensions between president and Congress • Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens voted to impeach Johnson • Saved by 1 vote

  37. Reconstruction • 15th Amendment • Grant becomes president • No citizen can be denied right to vote due to race, color, or previous condition (slavery) • Meant slaves had the ability to vote in Southern elections

  38. African Americans During Reconstruction • Farming • No land • Sharecropping-farmed a portion of a landowner’s land in return for housing and a share of the crops • Turned into its own form of slavery • Tenant farming • Paid rent to farm the land • Owned the crops they grew • Were not at the mercy of white landowners

  39. African Americans During Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau • First relief agency • Clothing • Medical attention • Meals • Education • Land granted to freed blacks and some poorer whites • Disbanded in 1869

  40. African Americans During Reconstruction • Education and Church • Became the center of life and culture b/c it was truly led by African Americans • Ministers were often political figures as well • First black schools established • Children and adults

  41. African Americans During Reconstruction • African Americans took on political roles through Republican policies • In Congress • State Legislatures • Lt. Governor • Issues between blacks • Northern blacks and southern “elites” saw themselves superior to poorer, uneducated blacks.

  42. Racism During Reconstruction • Black Codes • Ku Klux Klan

  43. Compromise of 1877 and End of Reconstruction • Compromise of 1877 • 1876 election issues between dem. & rep. candidates and votes • Dems agreed to rep Hayes becoming president • Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction • Southern states got federal money, more power to govern themselves, withdrawal of federal troops. • Solid South • Southerners supported Democratic candidates for almost 100 years

  44. Post-Reconstruction • Jim Crow Laws • Literacy Tests • Poll Taxes • Grandfather Clauses • Segregation • De jure • Plessy v. Ferguson • De facto

  45. Important African Americans • Booker T. Washington • WEB DuBois • Ida Wells Barnett

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