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World War II

World War II. Becker US History. FDR: The Man. Effects of WWI. 1921 Washington Naval Conference Creates 4-Power, 5-Power and 9-Power Pacts Limits tonnage of ships and aircraft carriers Limits size of artillery pieces on ships Limits UK, US to 525,000 tons Limits Japan to 315 tons

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World War II

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  1. World War II Becker US History

  2. FDR: The Man

  3. Effects of WWI • 1921 Washington Naval Conference • Creates 4-Power, 5-Power and 9-Power Pacts • Limits tonnage of ships and aircraft carriers • Limits size of artillery pieces on ships • Limits UK, US to 525,000 tons • Limits Japan to 315 tons • Credited with pushing Japan toward WW2 • 1934 Japan terminates treaty

  4. Effects of WWI • 1928 Kellogg Briand Pact • Attempt to outlaw war as a solution to crisis • 1935/1937 Neutrality Acts • No arms sales to warring nations • Cash and carry only • Lend-lease only

  5. Appeasement • 1938 Munich Conference • Neville Chamberlain is British Prime Minister • Focus on preventing war with Germany • Hitler’s seizure of Sudetenland is approved • Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia as well

  6. Destroyers Deal • AKA “Destroyers for Bases” • FDR calls them “50 Tin Cans” • May 1940 – Evacuation of Dunkirk • Britain desperately in need of ships • German U-boats taking toll on Royal Navy • US gets bases in Newfoundland, Bahamas, Caribbean • UK gets 50 US destroyers

  7. Atlantic Charter • FDR and Churchill meet in August 1941 • US not yet involved • Meeting is kept a guarded secret until then • Plans for the future of Europe post-war • No territorial gains for any nations • Self-determination of nations • Freedom of the seas • Global disarmament

  8. American Response to War • Americans want to keep out of war • Memory of WWI is still too fresh • WWII does not involve the US • Neutrality Act of 1935: no arms sales • Still sell other supplies • 1937 becomes “cash and carry” • Avoid subs dragging US into war

  9. Germany Reclaims Territory • 1938 Hitler unifies Austria and Germany • 1938 Hitler reclaims Sudetenland (lost at Versailles) • 1939 Hitler invades Czechoslovakia • August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign alliance treaty • Agree to divide Poland between Germany and USSR • September 1939 Hitler and Stalin invade Poland • Blitzkrieg: lightning war • September 1939 Britain and France declare war • Appeasement has failed; WWII has begun

  10. World Political Changes • Fascism: extreme military nationalism • Italy: Benito Mussolini • Germany: Adolph Hitler • Japan: Hideki Tojo • Communism: one-party government • USSR: 1917 Bolshevik Revolution • Vladimir Lenin • Joseph Stalin

  11. Blitzkrieg! "The pace is too fast……it’s the co-operation between the dive-bombers and the tanks that is winning the war for Germany." - French soldier’s diary

  12. France Responds • France knows that they are the next target • Maginot Line is a line of concrete bunkers • Line of concrete bunkers • Underground tunnels • Protect German/French border

  13. Maginot Line Fort in France

  14. France Surrenders • Hitler bypasses the Maginot Line • Invades Netherlands • Passes through and invades Belgium • Passes through and invades Luxembourg • Passes through and invades France • June 1940 France surrenders • Hitler sets up his own French government • La Resistancé continues to resist occupation

  15. Britain Stands Firm • Hitler expects Britain to seek peace • France has surrendered • US insists it will remain neutral • Winston Churchill says no peace w/o victory • Asks FDR to convince Americans to join war • Hitler sends Luftwaffe to bomb London • Battle of Britain • Churchill sends RAF to bomb Berlin

  16. Winston Churchill • British prime minister • Frequently intoxicated • Stubborn, dynamic leader

  17. Lend/Lease Policy • The US does not want another world war • 1939 US passes Neutrality Act • Forbids US to sell either side weapons • FDR wants to help Britain but can’t • Decides to “lend” Britain weapons instead • America First Committee criticizes FDR • WWI was horrible and costly • Let Europe fight their own war- don’t send our boys

  18. FDR’s Lend-Lease                      <>

  19. Asian Political Changes • 1853 Matthew Perry opens trade with Japan • Japan rapidly industrialize: “Meiji Restoration” • Problem: What do you need for industry? • Natural Resources: Oil, iron ore, timber, etc. • 1931 Japan invades Chinese state Manchuria • Japanese see Chinese, Koreans as inferior • 1937 Rape of Nanking • 370,000 civilians murdered, 80,000 women/girls raped • US outrage, begin selling weapons to China

  20. Rape of Nanking

  21. Anti-Asian Racism in US • 1906 Alien Education Act • California schools segregate Asian students • 1906 Anti-Miscegenation Act • California bans white/Asian marriages • 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement • Japan agrees to restrict immigration to US • 1924 Immigration Act • Basically closes Japanese immigration

  22. Anti-Japanese Political Acts • 1903-04 Russo-Japanese War • Japan defeats Russia • Teddy Roosevelt favors Russia in treaty • Japan feels cheated by the United States • 1940 Export Control Act • FDR bans sale of steel and oil to Japan • Attempt to stop Japan’s invasion of China • Brings Japanese industry to a halt • 1941 Japan signs treaty w/ Germany/Italy

  23. US Debates the War • FDR wants to help England • Nye Committee • Business profit from war?? • America First Committee opposes war • Charles Lindbergh • FDR circumvents Neutrality Acts • Lend-Lease • Destroyer Deal • Atlantic Charter • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

  24. “a date which will live in infamy” • Japan feels compelled to force US trade • Dec 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

  25. America enters World War II • Dec 8, 1941 Congress declares war on Japan • Dec 11, 1941 Germany and Italy declare war on the US • Why? • Factories revert to arms production • Farmers encouraged to produce more • WWII will pull the US out of Great Depression

  26. Yamamoto Plans Pearl Harbor • Isoroku Yamamoto educated in the US • Given tour of Pear Harbor in 1920s • Yamamoto calls Pearl a • “perfect target” • US fleet training, most not • in port • Saves US chances in • Pacific

  27. “Fighting for Freedom” • WWII is nicknamed “the good war” • WWII is sold as a war for freedom • FDR speaks of 4 “human freedoms” • freedom of speech • freedom of worship • freedom from want • freedom from fear

  28. Four Freedoms Propaganda Posters

  29. Four Freedoms Propaganda Posters

  30. “Fighting for Freedom” for Women • War experience broadens freedom • Creates self-reliance since men are away • Gov’t sanctions women in workforce “These jobs will have to be glorified as a patriotic war service if American women are to be persuaded to take them and stick to them. Their importance to a nation engaged in total war must be convincingly presented.” Basic Program Plan for Womanpower Office of War Information

  31. It's a Woman's War Too! Images of the strong woman: Rosie the Riveter “We Can Do It!” by J. Howard Miller

  32. Rosie the Riveter • Women obtain factory jobs as war production begins to increase in 1939 • A few questions: • What did they do before factory work? • How did the US government encourage them to enter the factory? • In their eyes, how did their new jobs compare to their old ones?

  33. “Fighting for Freedom” for African-Americans • War experience broadens freedoms • Civil rights leaders threaten march on DC • Government admits blacks into army • Double V campaign is launched • Victory against enemies overseas • Victory against racism at home

  34. Double V Campaign

  35. What about… • Freedom for Japanese-Americans? • Freedom for German-Americans? What will happen… • To women’s rights after WWII? • To African-Americans after WWII?

  36. Pacific Theatre of WWII • Douglas MacArthur loses Philippines • Extremely arrogant man, poor defense plan • Thousands die on Bataan Death March • MacArthur promises, “I shall return.” • James Doolittle devises plan to bomb Japan • Modifies aircraft carriers to launch bombers • Tokyo attacked from US carriers 1000 miles away • Battle of Midway is turning point • 4 Japanese carriers, 38 aircraft destroyed

  37. Battle of Midway • US decodes Japanese orders • Know attack is coming • Launch preemptive  strike on carriers • Sink 4, but Yorktown is also hit  • Stops Japanese advance in the Pacific

  38. Japanese Internment • Internment of Japanese Americans • Glaring example of American intolerance • Reminder of the fragility of civil liberties in wartime • Why California? • History of racism toward Asian immigrants • Why Japanese Americans? • Clustered together in highly visible communities • Small, politically powerless minority • Only 112,000 in the three West coast states

  39. Japanese Internment • Treated unlike German or Italian Americans • Europeans of any brand better than Asians • Fact that Japan had attacked us directly • General John DeWitt notes: “A Jap’s a Jap. It makes no difference whether he is an American Citizen or not.” • American fears of a West coast invasion • Newspapers/politicians warn of “Jap spies”

  40. Japanese Internment • Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066 • Aftermath of Pearl Harbor • Released in early 1942 • War Dept ordered to evacuate Japanese • Move them from the West Coast • Intern them in relocation camps in remote areas • No evidence of Japanese disloyalty • No Japanese spies convicted of sedition • Yet, few public leaders opposed the plan

  41. Japanese Internment • Japanese-Americans are shocked at the news • 2/3 all Japanese in US are American citizens • First-generation Americans are called Issei • Children of Japanese-born Issei called Nissei • Forced to sell property/possessions • Ridiculously low prices • Many refused to buy from Japanese at all • Army ships Japanese to assembly centers • Then distributed to relocation camps

  42. Internment Camps A Tagged Young Girl Being Sent to an Internment Camp

  43. Shipping Out Japanese-Americans are loaded onto trucks destined for assembly centers

  44. Documents Checked US Government assigns tracking numbers to Japanese-Americans

  45. Internment Camps

  46. Internment Camps Japanese American Boys in a Camp

  47. Inside, Wanting Out

  48. Japanese Internment • 97% of Japanese-American detained • Mostly from CA, OR, and WA • Some asked to serve as translators in US Army • Many serve in spite of their people’s treatment • Japanese-Americans in Hawaii • Far greater numbers & far closer to Japan • However, these are not interned • Why? • The islands’ multiracial heritage • Unskilled labor • Economy needed them

  49. Japanese Internment • By 1943 cracks appear in relocation policy • Agricultural labor shortage • Farm workers allowed out of camps • College Students allowed to go to school • 4300 allowed to attend schools • Only outside West Coast military zone • 442nd Regimental Combat Team • Nisei volunteers served in Europe • One of the most decorated armed forces units

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