Media and Social Learning: A Preliminary Study

1. Media and Social Learning: A Preliminary Study � Julia Hogan University of Dallas

2. Albert Bandura Born in 1945 in Canada �He attended the University of British Columbia and University of Iowa for psychology Taught at Stanford University Famous for the "Bobo Doll� Experiment" �Studied social learning and self-efficacy �Was APA president in 1974 Is still alive � Kelli and Kurtis did their study on self-efficacy so I know you are familiar with that. � APA is the American Psychological Association � Other notable presidents include Gordon Allport and I think that William James was one too � �Is still alive � Kelli and Kurtis did their study on self-efficacy so I know you are familiar with that. � APA is the American Psychological Association � Other notable presidents include Gordon Allport and I think that William James was one too � �

3. Key Terms Observational Learning No-trial Learning Cognitive Vicarious Reinforcement Models Self-Regulation Self-Efficacy Abstract Modeling Reciprocal Influences Operant Conditioning/Behavior Skinner Box Reinforcement Positive Negative Will go over these in depth in the next few powerpoints � The terms on the left refer to Skinner's work � The terms on the right refer to Bandura's work on social learningWill go over these in depth in the next few powerpoints � The terms on the left refer to Skinner's work � The terms on the right refer to Bandura's work on social learning

4. Skinner's Learning Theory B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist and an environmentalist. Operant Conditioning- organisms interact with the enviroment and give responses and eventually learn to respond a certain way in order to elicit a certain reward or avoid a certain punishment. Skinner Box He believed that behavior is guided by the consequences it elicits. Brushing teeth Driving Car Skinner did not believe in agency and free will � Believed that you are completely a product of your environment � The environment controls your behaviorSkinner did not believe in agency and free will � Believed that you are completely a product of your environment � The environment controls your behavior

5. Skinner vs. Bandura Skinner: � ����Stimulus�--------� Response � � Bandura: � ����Stimulus��-------- Cognition -------Response� Skinner believed in SR psychology � Bandura is more of a SCR personSkinner believed in SR psychology � Bandura is more of a SCR person

6. Observational Learning We learn by observing others' behavior Learning is cognitive Forms�a kind of inner representation of what is being learned �Four Components of Observational Learning Attentional Processes Retention Processes Motor Reproduction Processes Reinforcement and Motivational Processes Attentional- we have to be paying attention to the model � Retention- must be able to remember the model's action in some sort of symbolic form (verbal codes for driving directions, ectc.) � Motor Reproduction- must be able to reproduce the actions � Reinforcemnet- distinction between acquisition and performance � Example of girls basket weaving in Guatemala (no-trial learning) � Example of me when I was little watching the puzzle being put together...Attentional- we have to be paying attention to the model � Retention- must be able to remember the model's action in some sort of symbolic form (verbal codes for driving directions, ectc.) � Motor Reproduction- must be able to reproduce the actions � Reinforcemnet- distinction between acquisition and performance � Example of girls basket weaving in Guatemala (no-trial learning) � Example of me when I was little watching the puzzle being put together...

7. Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment In 1965, Bandura conducted an experiment on social learning and aggression in children 4-year-olds watched a film clip in which an adult punched a Bobo doll.� The film had one of three different endings. The children were then placed in a room with a Bobo doll Bandura found that the children who watched the film in which the adult was punished at the end were less likely to engage in aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll. Three conditions: � 1. Rewarded for agression � 2. Punished for agression � 3. Neutral towards agressionThree conditions: � 1. Rewarded for agression � 2. Punished for agression � 3. Neutral towards agression

8. Bandura and Piaget Bandura emphasizes the effects of the external environment more than Piaget does. While Piaget believed that children's development is regulated by internal stages, Bandura believed that the environment, through the models it provides for social learning, influences children's minds. Unlike Piaget, Bandura believes that children are not inherently motivated to learn Motivated learning can occur but only after self-efficacy is developed. Bandura also believes that Piaget's stage theory is too broad and general. Later put forth the idea of reciprocal learningLater put forth the idea of reciprocal learning

9. Social Learning Children learn from others how to act in society Aggression Gender Roles Prosocial Behavior Self-Regulation Self-Efficacy �

10. Social Learning and the Media "Social learning theorists have also shown that behavior is influenced not only by personal or live� models, but also by those presented in the mass media.� Filmed models, in particular, seem to exert a powerful impact, and one major implication is that television, which many children watch for hours on end, is shaping young lives." ������������������������������������������������������������������(Crain, 212) Springboard for my study � does it shape young livesSpringboard for my study � does it shape young lives

11. Problem ����Bandura's theory on social learning includes the use of models by which individuals, especially children, learn.� Media, especially television, is a significant element in the lives of children.� Do children use television characters and the situations they find themselves in as models to apply to their everyday social lives?

12. Hypotheses Overall, participants will report a negative influence from television. �Participants will report having watched primarily entertainment shows. There will be evidence, given in the form of a qualitative response,�that participants used television shows as models for interacting in real world situations. �

13. Critical Questions Are children influenced by the television shows they watch?� If so, is it a positive influence or a negative one? Is there a�relationship between the number of hours of television watched and the type of impact television watching had on the child? Is there a�relationship between gender and the type of influence television viewing has on the individual? Do children enjoy watching educational shows or do they prefer to watch entertainment shows?

14. Participants A convenience sample of N=34�college-aged students (16 males and 18 females)�from the University of Dallas, a small, Catholic, conservative university located in Irving, Texas,�participated in the research study.

15. Procedure Participants were asked to complete the survey The survey consisted of seven questions. One demographic question Four Likert-type self- report�questions Two qualitative, self-report questions in which participants were asked to record, in a short statement, an experience with television as a child. Data was collected, consolidated, and analyzed

16. Results: Question 2- Hours Watched 1. for all participants 38% reported watching one hour or less � 2. for males, 44% reported watching between two and three hours�a day � 3. for females, 44% reported watching one hour or less a day1. for all participants 38% reported watching one hour or less � 2. for males, 44% reported watching between two and three hours�a day � 3. for females, 44% reported watching one hour or less a day

17. Results: Question 3 C. was a mixture of entertainment shows and eductional shows � some examples of entertainment shows are Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Scooby Doo � Some examples of educational shows are Mr. Roger's Neighborhood, and Sesame StreetC. was a mixture of entertainment shows and eductional shows � some examples of entertainment shows are Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Scooby Doo � Some examples of educational shows are Mr. Roger's Neighborhood, and Sesame Street

18. Results: Question 4�Perceived Influence of TV for all participants 38% reported a somewhat positive influence from TV � for males 37% said mostly positive and 37% somewhat positive � for females 38% said somewhat positive � �for all participants 38% reported a somewhat positive influence from TV � for males 37% said mostly positive and 37% somewhat positive � for females 38% said somewhat positive � �

19. Results: Question 5 When asked "Did you have a favorite character from a TV show that you admired and wanted to be like": � 21/34 participants answered "Yes" 13/34 participants answered "No"

20. Results: Question 6 8/34 participants listed an Educational show as their favorite TV show 25/34 participants listed an Entertainment show as their favorite TV show 16/34 participants listed an Animated show as their favorite TV show 17/34 participants listed a Live-Action show as their favorite TV show The most frequent show listed?� The Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers 1. 23% � 2. 73% � 3. 47% � 4. 50%1. 23% � 2. 73% � 3. 47% � 4. 50%

21. Question 6: Data Samples "The Might Morphin' Power Rangers, bc they were in high school (not too far removed) and they always kicked butt and won- which is what every young boy desires." �"My favorite show was Batman: The Animated Series. I always admired the way he was able to fight for justice, doing the right thing regardless of how difficult or dangerous it might have been." �"Looney Tunes- I watched with my mother and I loved the way she laughed" �"Mr. Roger's Neighborhood was my favorite because of the fantasy land and because of the ways it explored how things were made"

22. Results: Question 7 Categories

23. Results: Question 7- All

24. Results: Question 7- Males

25. Results: Question 7- Females

26. Discussion Participants reported a mostly positive influence from television. Participants said that they watched a mixture of educational and entertainment shows but when asked to name their favorite shows, most participants named an entertainment show. Participants were able to name a time when they felt that TV influenced their actions.

27. Limitations Data was collected from a convenience sample that wasn't truly random Results apply only to the group tested Only 34 participants Based on self-report and memory

28. A Case Study: Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood Need for positive modeling Aimed at children ages 2-4 Realistic talk directly to viewers Forms a personal relationship with them Provides positive modeling for how to act in certain situations (i.e. what do you when you feel mad) Shown several times in different ways to reinforce the lesson of the day.

29. Opportunities for Further Study Use a larger sample from different colleges See if there is a correlation between GPA and Number of hours of TV watched �See if there is a correlation between GPA and type of show watched See if there are differences in social learning in advertising versus the written word versus movies/television.

30. Nature v. Nurture Line

31. Sources Bandura, Albert. ( 2009). In Encyclop�dia Britannica. Retrieved November� 16,� 2009, from Encyclop�dia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-284970 �