The Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 22 1550 -1789

1. The Enlightenment and RevolutionChapter 22 1550 -1789 OBJECTIVE: By the end of this unit you will be able to articulate the events leading to, and the effects of the enlightenment period as well as describe its connection to your world today.

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaikFI2jiys&feature=related

3. Is there a new Enlightenment Period happening today? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6S8iQ5KSkU

4. Enlightened Thoughts LockeRousseau Voltaire "The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom". ********************************** (Equality is ...) "That equal right which every man hath, to his natural freedom, without being subjected to the will or authority of any other man". "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." ***************************** "I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery." “All men are born with a nose and ten fingers, but no one was born with a knowledge of God.” ************************ “Prejudices are what fools use for reason.” QUESTION: How do these thoughts relate to Revolution?

5. CH. 22.1 • Revolutions begin with questions • Enlightenment thinkers questioned: • Religion • Science • Authority • Each question asked lead to another • Revolution followed

6. Enlightenment issues and European Centers of Thought • Scientific Revolution: astronomers question origin of the • St. Petersburg and Berlin: Enlightenment centers • Enlightenment ideas spread to western Europe and England’s North American colonies.

7. The Scientific Revolutionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGNhMtKb9A8 • Middle Age belief: Earth located at center of universe • Earth-centered view = Geocentric Theory: Aristotle (Greek) 4th century B.C. • Christianity’s influence: God placed earth at center

8. A New Way of Thinking • S.R. = Challenges church • New way of thinking about the natural world • Based on observation • Discoveries and exploration leads to S.R. • Exploration to Africa, Asia, and Americas = possible new truths • Exploration fueled scientific research • Observations did not match ancient beliefs

9. Revolutionary Model of Universe • Astronomers were the first to challenge beliefs • Heliocentric Theory (sun-centered) • Nicolaus Copernicus: stars and earth revolve around the sun • Contradicted religious view • Joahannes Kepler uses math to support Copernicus’s theory

10. Galileo • Galileo Galilei (Italian) builds first telescope – 1609 • Discoveries support Copernicus • Frightens both Catholic and Protestant leaders • Threat of torture: agrees Copernicus was wrong

11. Scientific Method • New! • Logical procedure of gathering data and testing ideas • Begins with a problem or question • Hypothesis formed • Hypothesis tested • Analyze and interpret data to reach new conclusion (confirm or disprove hypothesis)

12. Bacon and Descartes • Bacon – Empiricism: knowledge originates from experience and senses • Descartes – Linked algebra and geometry • Relied on math and logic – not experimentation • Everything should be doubted until proven by reason

13. Newton and Law of Gravity • Law of universal gravitation • Every object in the universe attracts every other object

14. Scientific Revolution Spreads • Inventions help observations: • Microscope by Zacharias Janssen (Dutch) • Mercury Barometer by Evangelista Torricelli (Italian) • Thermometer by Gabriel Fahrenheit (German) • Anders Celsius (freezing at 0 degrees) • Andreas Vesalius (Flemish) • Dissects human corpses • Edward Jenner (British) • Vaccine for smallpox • Robert Boyle • Founder of modern chemistry • Boyle’s Law = how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

15. The Enlightenment in EuropeSection II • Thinkers challenged beliefs regarding: • Government • Religion • Economics • Education • A new intellectual movement stressing reason, thought, and power of individuals = Enlightenment (the Age of Reason)

16. Two views of GovernmentHobbes vs. Locke • Enlightenment begins with ideas put forth by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke • Hobbes: humans are naturally wicked • Without governments to keep order = man vs. man • People should hand over their rights to a strong ruler who has total power (absolute monarchy) • Law and order in a “social contract”

17. John Locke’s Social Contract • People have the natural ability to govern themselves • Favored the idea of self-government • All people are born free with three natural rights • Life, liberty, and property (you) • Purpose of government is to protect these rights – not give them to you • If government fails to do so, citizens can overthrow it • Government’s powers come from the consent of the people

18. Reason and the Five Concepts • Paris becomes the meeting place of Philosophes – social critics of the time • Five concepts of the Philosophes: • Reason: through reason you gain truth • Nature: what is natural is good • Happiness: seek well-being while alive! • Progress: humankind can improve • Liberty: called for justice the English had won during the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

19. Francois Marie Voltaire • Combats intolerance • Fights for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech • “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

20. Baron de Montesquieu • Devoted to political liberty • Believed England’s separation of powers to be best form of government • Proposed separation of powers within government • Branches of government needed • No ONE person or branch has too much power • Ideas helped form the basis for the U.S. Constitution

21. Montesquieu Continued: Federalism • Federal System: Divides powers between national and state governments – NOT BRANCHES! • Powers: Delegated, Reserved, and Concurrent • Delegated = Powers given specifically to the Federal or central Government • Reserved = Powers “reserved” or given to the states and people of the states • Concurrent = Powers shared by both the Federal Gov. and the State Gov’s • to the federal or central government

22. Examples of Federalism’s Powers • Delegated: • regulate interstate and foreign trade • coin and print money • conduct foreign relations • establish post offices and roads • declare war • raise and support armed forces • Reserved: • regulate trade • marriage laws • conduct elections • establish local governments • Concurrent (shared) • collecting taxes • borrow money • establish courts • charter banks

23. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Committed to individual freedom • Individuals give up their sovereignty to the collective • Rather than being protected by natural rights, liberty is secured by the “general will” – a collective • The only good government is a “direct democracy” • One freely formed and governed by the people • Rousseau’s social contract differed from Hobbes and Locke • Rousseau: contract between free individuals as a collective to create a society and a government

25. Criminal Justice • Cesare Bonesana Beccaria: laws exist to preserve social order – not to avenge crimes • Criticisms of system: • Torture • Irregular trials • Draconian punishment • Lack of speedy trials • Capital punishment • Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people

26. Women“If all men are born free, how is it that all women were born slaves.” Mary Astell • Women were left out of the “progressive” thinking • Mary Wollstonecraft • Urged equal education and women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

27. Legacy • Philosophes were not revolutionaries • They encouraged reform • Inspired French and American Revolutions • Produced 3 other long-term effects that helped shape Western Civilization: • Belief in progress • Secularism • Importance of the individual

28. The Enlightenment SpreadsSection III • 1700s Paris becomes cultural center of Europe • At Salons or gatherings, ideas were discussed in the mansions of wealthy women • 1751 Denis Diderot created the first Encyclopedia • French government and Catholic church are angered by content and ban work • How did the Salons and the Encyclopedia help spread ideas?

29. Art • 1600s and early 1700s Baroque art dominates • Grand, ornate design • Styles changed under the Enlightenment • Ideas from classical Greece and Rome • Neoclassical (new classical)

30. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Enlightened Despots (absolute rulers) embraced the philosophe’s ideals • Did not give up power • Changes motivated by two desires: • Make countries stronger • Make their own rule more effective

31. Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick the Great (Prussia) • Granted many religious freedoms • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Abolished torture • Referred to himself as “servant of the state” • Joseph II (Austria) • Legal reforms and freedom of press • Freedom of worship • Abolished serfdom • Catherine the Great (Russia) • Reformed justice system (Montesquieu And Beccaria) • Religious toleration • Abolished torture and capital punishment • Reforms eventually overthrown with serf rebellion • Expands Russia westward

32. The American RevolutionSection IV • Enlightenment influence: • Colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence • King George broke the “social contract” • Thomas Jefferson writes the D.O.I. based on ideas of Locke • Locke believed rebellion against a tyrannical ruler was just

33. Why the Success? • Motivation for fighting stronger than Britain • British overconfidence • Time on America’s side: British fought an overseas war which cost tax payers • Americans had Louis XIV who wanted to weaken Britain • 1781: American and French forces defeat British at Yorktown and win independence

34. A Republic is Born • 1781: Articles of Confederation becomes first plan of government • Establishes a Republic – a government in which the people rule by representatives • A.O.C. was weak – for a reason. Why do you think the founders created a weak central government? • Under the A.O.C. • No executive • No judiciary • One legislative body (congress) with each state having one vote • No power to collect taxes • No one uniform currency • 9 out of 13 states had to agree upon laws • All 13 had to agree to repeal laws

35. New Constitution • 1787 leaders recognize the need for a stronger central government • Leaders take from Montesquieu (legislative, executive, judicial) • Built in checks and balances • Federal System • Divides powers between national and state governments • Bill of Rights established to balance rights of people and power of government • Both documents put Enlightenment ideas in to practice