Enlightenment and Revolution , 1550–1789

1. CHAPTER 22 QUIT Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 Chapter Overview Time Line The Scientific Revolution 1 MAP SECTION The Enlightenment in Europe 2 SECTION The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas 3 SECTION GRAPH American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 4 SECTION Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 22 Chapter Overview HOME Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 In Europe, scientists question old ideas and use reason to make discoveries about the natural world. Philosophers support the use of reason to reform government, religion, and society. Enlightenment ideas are used to create a federal government in the newly created United States.

3. CHAPTER 22 1789 1550 HOME Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789 Time Line 1543Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory. 1628William Harvey describes heart function. 1690John Locke defines natural rights. 1762Catherine the Great rules Russia. 1609Galileo observes heavens through telescope. 1687Newton publishes law of gravity. 1748Montesquieu describes separation of powers.

4. 1 HOME The Scientific Revolution MAP Key Idea The Scientific Revolution begins as scientists replace old ideas with new theories. New approaches to science include using observation and experiments to develop theories. In astronomy, scientists challenge the earth-centered model of the universe. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Scientific Revolution MAP Overview •Scientific Revolution •Nicolaus Copernicus •heliocentric theory •Johannes Kepler •Galileo Galilei •scientific method •Francis Bacon •René Descartes •Isaac Newton WHY IT MATTERS NOW In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation. Scientists’ questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Causes of the Scientific Revolution HOME The Scientific Revolution MAP 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the events and circumstances that led to the Scientific Revolution. Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts leads scholars to question accepted knowledge. Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists challenge accepted thinking. The printing press spreads ideas. Exploration broadens European horizons. continued . . .

7. 1 HOME The Scientific Revolution MAP 1 Section Assessment 2. “If I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Who were the giants to whom Newton was referring? Could this be said of any scientific accomplishment? Explain. ANSWER Giants were Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Yes, scientific discoveries give scientists a clearer understanding of how the world works. New discoveries lead to further questions for investigation and more discoveries. Possible Response: End of Section 1

8. 2 HOME The Enlightenment in Europe Key Idea Enlightenment philosophers admire scientists’ use of reason to understand the natural world. These philosophers promote the use of reason to understand government, religion, education, and economics. They advocate government reform and social improvement. Overview Assessment

9. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Enlightenment in Europe Overview •Enlightenment •social contract •John Locke •natural rights •philosophe •Voltaire • Montesquieu •separation of powers •Jean Jacques Rousseau •Mary Wollstonecraft WHY IT MATTERS NOW A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society. Freedoms and some forms of government in many countries today are a result of Enlightenment thinking. Assessment

10. 2 2 Section Assessment Key Idea Thinker HOME The Enlightenment in Europe 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the important ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Beccaria, and Wollstonecraft. Hobbes Social contract Locke Consent of the governed Voltaire Tolerance Montesquieu Separation of powers Rousseau Government by general will Beccaria Abolition of torture Wollstonecraft Access to education for women continued . . .

11. 2 HOME The Enlightenment in Europe 2 Section Assessment 2. For each of the statements below, identify who said it and explain what it means. Then say how each viewpoint reflects Enlightenment ideas. •“Power should be a check to power.” •“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” •“Let women share the rights and she will emulate the virtues of men.” ANSWER “Power”—Montesquieu; each branch of government should limit power of other branches. “Man”—Rousseau; civilization corrupted the state of nature. “Let women”—Wollstonecraft; give women equal rights and they will display men’s goodness. Possible Responses: continued . . .

12. 2 HOME The Enlightenment in Europe 2 Section Assessment 3. Compare the views of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau on government. How do their differing ideas reflect their understanding of human behavior? THINK ABOUT •how each philosopher viewed the “state of nature” •what each considered the source of a government’s authority ANSWER Hobbes—humans are naturally selfish and wicked; governments keep order. Locke—humans are naturally able to govern themselves; favored self-government. Rousseau—people are naturally good; society corrupts them; power comes from the general will. Possible Responses: End of Section 2

13. 3 HOME The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas GRAPH Key Idea Enlightenment ideas circulate in pamphlets and formal discussions. The new ideals of order and reason are reflected in the arts and music. European monarchs make limited reforms based on Enlightenment ideas. Overview Assessment

14. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas GRAPH Overview •salon •baroque •neoclassical •enlightened despot •Catherine the Great WHY IT MATTERS NOW Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government. An “enlightened” problem-solving approach to government and society prevails in modern civilization today. Assessment

15. 3 Circulation of Ideas Art and Literature Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Monarchy HOME The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 1. Give examples for each of the following topics related to the spread of Enlightenment: (a) circulation of ideas; (b) art and literature; and (c) monarchy. Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines, pamphlets Neoclassical art, classical music, novel Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great continued . . .

16. 3 HOME The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 2. What advantages do you think salons had over earlier forms of communication in spreading new ideas? THINK ABOUT •who hosted the salons and where they were held •who was invited to the salons •church and state influence on publishing and education ANSWER Salons were hosted by wealthy middle-class women, who had an interest in educating themselves; many great artists and thinkers gathered to share ideas; salons were held in private homes, so guests could speak freely without the threat of jail or exile. Possible Response: End of Section 3

17. 4 HOME American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic Key Idea Colonists resist the laws and taxes imposed by the British. Colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence from Britain, and, after winning the Revolution, create a federal government. Overview Assessment

18. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic Overview •Declaration of Independence •Thomas Jefferson •checks and balances •federal system •Bill of Rights WHY IT MATTERS NOW Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to create a new nation. The revolution created a republic, the United States of America, that became a model for many nations of the world. Assessment

19. 4 Problem Solution HOME American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 4 Section Assessment 1. List problems faced by the Americans as colonists and in shaping their republic. Then, explain their actions and decisions to solve those problems. Navigation Acts Smuggling Stamp Act Boycott Import tax on tea Boston Tea Party Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention Distrust of central government Federal system continued . . .

20. 4 HOME American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic 4 Section Assessment 2. How does the opening statement from the Declaration of Independence reflect enlightened thinking? ANSWER It reflects the supremacy of reason, and shows a belief in human progress. It also includes the ideas that humans have natural rights, and that a government gets its power from the consent of the governed. Possible Response: End of Section 4