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Hyoid Bone

This text provides an overview of the hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and limb bones in animals. It covers the characteristics, names, and functions of each bone, as well as their composition and structure.

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Hyoid Bone

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  1. Hyoid Bone • Also called hyoid _____________ • Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing. • Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.

  2. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column) • Vertebraethat extend from skull to tip of tail. • Divided into 5 sections: • Cervical (neck, C) • Thoracic (chest, T) • Lumbar (abdomen, L) • Sacral (pelvis, S) • Coccygeal (tail, Cy) • Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.

  3. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS • Body • Ventral portion of the bone. • Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral __________ of cartilage. • Arch • dorsal to body • helps to make up _______ __________ to allow passage of the spinal cord. • Transverse Processes • Two processes that project laterally • Articular Processes • On cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae • Spinous Process • Single and projects dorsally

  4. Cervical Vertebrae • Neck region • ______ vertebrae in all domestic animals • _________ is C1 • Has ________ that can be palpated • Has no vertebral body, just is a ring which spinal cord passes through. • ________ is C2 • Has large blade-like spinous process and a ________ that fits into atlas

  5. Thoracic Vertebrae • Chest region • Have tall __________ processes. • Number of vertebrae = number pairs of _______ • Dorsal to abdominal region. • Prominent cranial-directed ___________ processes Lumbar Vertebrae

  6. Sacral Vertebrae • 3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure. • Called the _________. • Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint. Coccygeal Vertebrae - Bones of the tail. - Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone - In humans fuse into coccyx.

  7. Ribs • Flat bones that form the movable, lateral walls of the thorax. • Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae. • Term for rib is ____________. • ____________ ribs aka “true ribs” attach to sternum • ____________ ribs aka “false ribs”make up caudal part of thorax. • Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.

  8. STERNUM • -Breastbone • -Made up of sternebrae. • -Most cranial sternebrae is _________________ • -Most caudal sternebrae is called _____________ process.

  9. Appendicular Skeleton (limb bones) Thoracic Limb • Scapula • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpal bones (carpus) • Metacarpal bones • Phalanges

  10. Scapula • Most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. • Flat bone with prominent ridge on lateral surface referred to as the _____________. • The distal end forms portion of ball and socket shoulder joint called the ______________ cavity. • Long bone of upper arm/brachium • Proximal end: has head that forms shoulder joint and a large greater tubercle for muscle attachment. • Distal end: condyle and _________________ fossa that form the elbow joint Humerus

  11. Ulna Radius • Forms antebrachium. • Proximally, forms elbow joint • Articulates distally with the ____________ (except in the horse). • Point of the elbow = olecranon process • Trochlear _________: concave articular surface that secures elbow. • Styloid process forms the distal end. • Weight bearing bone of antebrachium. • Proximally, forms elbow joint • Styloid process forms the distal end.

  12. Carpal Bones • _______ rows of bones. • Is the “_______” of the most animals, knee of horses • Proximal row bones have names • radial carpal bone, intermediate carpal (if present) ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone • Distal row bones numbered medial to lateral: • (1st carpal, 2nd carpal, etc)

  13. Metacarpal Bones • Numbered from _____________ to ____________ (dewclaw being number 1 in dogs and cats). • Horses have one large metacarpal III bone (__________ bone) and two non-weight bearing metacarpal II & IV bones (___________ bones). • Cattle have fused metacarpal bones (III & IV) with a groove dividing them

  14. Phalanges (singular = phalanx) • Digits are numbered from medial to lateral, just as metacarpals are. • Eachdigitis made up of _______________ (proximal, middle, distal) • Exception: digit 1 lacks a middle phalanx • Dogs and cats have an _____________ crest that surrounds the claw.

  15. BOVINE & EQUINE PHALANGES • In horses phalanges are also called thelong and short pastern bones and coffin bone. • Horses and cattle have proximal and distal sesamoid bones. • Distal sesamoid in horse = navicular bone • Horses have one weight-bearing digit (III) and cattle have two (III & IV) LONG PASTERN SHORT PASTERN COFFIN BONE

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