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The Industrial Revolution. Industrialization. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Began in Great Britain The British didn’t allow certain occupations to leave the country 1- 2- They wanted to keep the secrets of their factories and machines to themselves Why?.
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Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain • The British didn’t allow certain occupations to leave the country • 1- • 2- • They wanted to keep the secrets of their factories and machines to themselves • Why?
Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution • Technical knowledge and invention • Large population to serve as a workforce • Possession of natural resources • Investment capital (money) to build factories • A stable and capitalist minded government • Nationalism
United States Begins in Northeast in textile industry Rich in __________ Many immigrants Who? Belgium First nation on Continent to Industrialize Rich in __________ Who? Germany Politically divided _________ Germany- rich in coal Ruhr Valley industrialized Built Railroads ______________ spurred development of military France Began in 1850s Government built Railroads Spread of Industrialization
Inventions & Inventors • James Hargreaves • “Spinning jenny” • Spin many threads from wool • John Kay • “Flying Shuttle” • Weave cloth from the thread • Peter Cooper (American) • Steam powered locomotive • The first train
Life in the Mills and Factories • Mostly women hired to work in textile mills • Why were mostly women hired to work in mills? • Some children were hired • Why?
Life in the Mills and Factories • Why did American women dislike the Irish workers??? • Mills were • Hot • Dirty • Dangerous
Canals • Deep ditches filled with water and wide enough for boats • Man-made • Canals moved goods faster than wagons over land • Horses walked along sides of canal and pulled the boats • Famous examples
Railroads and Steam Engines • Cities wanted to grow and prosper like New York City • Cities needed a connection • Railroads and canals helped connect different parts of the world
Railroads and Steam Engines • Advantages of railroads over canals • 1. Trains could travel much faster than horse-pulled canal boats • 2. Railroad routes were usually more direct than waterways like canals and rivers • 3. Trains could travel all year, while rivers and canals often froze in the winter.
Negative Effects Crowded, Dirty Cities Disease Harsh working conditions Short Life spans in Cities Positive Effects More jobs available Better heating Better housing Better food Better clothing Effects of Industrialization Which effect outweighs the other?
Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structure • Radically altered the traditional social structure of the day- Why? • Slavery declined- Why? • Family which had been an economic unit moved economic production outside of home
Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structure • Sharp distinction now being made between family life and work life • Men’s status increased because industrial wages were considered more important than domestic work. • Middle class values became distinct from those of the working class • Who is emerging as part of the middle class?
Cult of Domesticity • Middle class women generally did not work outside the home • Middle class women were pressured to conform to the new models of behavior • Often referred to as the cult of domesticity • What does this mean? Victorian Age?
Global effects of Industrialization • New global division of labor emerged • Industrial societies needed raw materials from distant lands • Raw cotton from _____________ • Rubber from ________________
New Global Division of Labor • Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia become dependent on exporting cash crops products to industrialized nations • As a result they never industrialize themselves • Most of the profits from these cash crops went abroad and wealth was concentrated in the hands of the few.
DEPENDENCY THEORY • The dependency of these nations on cash crops explains the uneven result of development • Development of some areas is achieved at the expense of others • Leads to… _________________
Economic TheoryChallenge to Mercantilism • ADAM SMITH- ENGLISH • Supported by Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo • CAPITALISM • Definition- • LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS • Definition- • CAPITALISM DRIVEN BY “THE INVISIBLE HAND” OF SELF-INTEREST • PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADE • ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM • Opposed government efforts to help poor workers • Works on Capitalism • THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)- • An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)- • Principle of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)-
Reactions to Industrialization • Socialism-ideas of tolerance and egalitarianism from the Enlightenment • Anti-capitalist reforms -inspired by appalling conditions workers experienced in the 1800s • Karl Marx- advocates the overthrow of the moneyed classes to be followed by a “workers” state”
Other Economic Thoughts • Socialism • Charles Fourier and Saint Simon • Definition- • Communism • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Definition- • Publications- The Communist Manifesto (1848) • Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba • Intense class struggle
Other Economic Theories cont’d • Utilitarianism • Modified ideas of Smith • Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill • Definition-
Positivists and Utopian Socialists Positivists= scientific method could be applied to improve social and technical problems Utopian Socialism= industry could provide prosperity for all Robert Owen 1771-1858 a successful cotton manufacturer created a mill town in Glasgow improved housing, created schools, and testified in Parliament against child labor
Unions Union movements advocated the organization of workers so they could negotiate with their employers better wages and conditions Led to tensions and bloodshed- factory owners tried to stop workers from banding together -sometime bloodshed resulted