Evolution of Birds from Reptiles

1. Evolution of Birds from Reptiles SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth. Evolved from reptiles-Few intermediate fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones

3. Thecodontosaurus

4. Thecodontosaurus

5. Iguanodon

6. Ingenia

7. Incisivosaurus

8. Archeopteryx 150 mya

10. Archaeopteryx • Possible link between birds & reptiles (150 mya) Reptilian char- • Large skull, reptile like teeth • Bones solid • Claws on forelimbs • Long tail Bird Char.- • Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding • Feathers • Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone

11. Hesperonis Fossils 75 mya • Large, flightless bird • Had teeth like reptiles

12. Ichthyornis • Smaller, tern like bird • Lived 65-80 mya • Had large flight wings

13. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves-birds Traits: Air sacs/hollow bones make bird lighter feathers 4 chambered heart endothermic Beaks and feet adapted for food and habitat Evolved from dinosaurs in Mesozoic era Scales on legs- similar to reptiles

14. General Bird Anatomy SZ4- Students will assess how animals interact with their environment including key adaptation found within animal taxa.

15. Birds Have the Highest Metabolism

16. Metabolic Adaptations • Birds have high metabolism • Endothermic, 4 chambered heart • Lungs, air sacs for increased oxygen avail. • Crop and gizzard(grinds food) in digestive tract • Metanephric kidney excretes uric acid- prevents water loss • Counter-current circulation

17. Respiration

19. Counter-Current Circulation

20. Excretion – Uric Acid • Uric acid metabolic excretion • (Saves water) • Urea • Ammonia

21. Adaptations for Flight Feathers- modified scales Pectoral appendages = wings Lightweight skeleton filled w/ air sacs High metabolic rate Endothermic- regulate temp. internally

22. Types of Feathers

23. Furculum and Keeled Sternum

25. Wings

27. Flight Forces

30. Avian Reproduction • Amniotic egg • Internal fertilization • Oviparous- eggs laid outside of body • Both parents care for eggs • Precocial young- active at hatching • Altricial young- helpless and naked at hatching • migration

31. Egg Shapes

32. Starling Nests

33. Weaver Bird Nest

37. Brood Parasitism Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?

38. Migration

40. Bird Classification • 28 orders • 9600 species SZ1- Students will derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristics SZ3- Students will compare form and function relationships within animal groups and across key taxa.

41. Super Orders of Birds • SuperorderArchaeornithes- “ancient birds”, extinct ex. Archaeopteryx • SuperorderNeornithes- “new” birds- modern Paleognathae- “old jaw” Neognathae- “new jaw”

42. Paleognathae- Order Struthioniformes • Large flightless bird • Two toes • Old jaw • Ex. ostriches

43. Neognathae- Order Pelecaniformes • Pelicans, cormorants, boobies

44. Neo- Order Ciconiiformes • Long legs for wading • Long necks

45. Order Anseriformes • Flat bill • Webbed feet • Swans, geese, ducks

46. Order Falconiformes • Hooked bill • Talons • Eagle • Hawk • Falcon

47. Order Passeriformes • Perching foot • Songbirds • 5000 species • Mocking bird • Thrushes • Swallows • Magpie • Crow • Starling • Jays

48. Order Columbiformes • Short neck • Short legs • Pigeons • Doves

49. Order Strigiformes • Large eyes • Silent flight • Nocturnal predator • Owls

50. Order Apodiformes • Small bird • Rapid wingbeat • Hummingbirds