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Media as. technology social practices cultural products industry ideology environment object of study, i.e. Media Studies. Representation vs. Transmission. Indexicality. The Cottingley Fairies. Immediacy vs. hypermediacy.
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Media as.... • technology • social practices • cultural products • industry • ideology • environment • object of study, i.e. Media Studies
Hypermediacy: style of visual representation whose goal is to remind the viewer of the medium - Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin
Shakespeare-inspired class warfare in Manhattan: the Astor Place Riot,1849
Replica of a frontier opera house in Pinos Altos, New Mexico
"Vaudeo" Above: Bing Crosby, Jack Benny, George Burns Right: Milton Berle, Desi Arnaz, Lucille Ball
Telegraph Photograph Vaudeville Wireless telegraph Chronophotograph Vaudeo... (video?) Edison declared that his "kinetoscope" would "do for the Eye what the phonograph does for the Ear" in 1888
"The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents a viewer could see all the films in either row; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill"
From New York to California... Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens (above) DW Griffith directing WC Fields in 1926 (right)
"Optoscope" "Seeing by Telegraph" "Electric telescope" "Radiovisor"
Karl Braun in Germany Boris Rosing in Russia Kenjiro Takayanagi in Japan John Logie Baird in Scotland Charles Francis Jenkins, broadcasting out of DC, 1926-9 Philo Farnsworth in Idaho Vladimir Zworykin, Russian émigré, refugee of the Revolution, with Westinghouse in the 1920s and RCA in the 1930s Television: Invented "by committee"
1946: 6 TV stations • 3 in NYC • 1 in Schenectady (home of General Electric), Chicago, and Philadelphia • 20,000 TV sets • 1947: Baltimore, DC, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and LA join the list
1947: 44,000 television sets, 18 stations in 11 cities 1952: 107 stations in 65 cities
"In 1947 AT&T technicians laid cables that connected Boston through New York to Washington, DC, and another linking San Francisco to LA. As TV broadcasting expanded outward from its original big city bases, the network system extended slowly down the East Coast." - Edgerton, p. 105 First Southern station: WSB in Atlanta, 1948 First Florida station: WTVJ in Miami, 1949
"Network cables linked St. Louis and Milwaukee to Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Buffalo... Cables continued to snake across the South and Midwest while they extended on the West Coast down to San Diego and up to Seattle. In mid 1951, the coasts were finally linked as the cables spread from Omaha to Denver, Salt Lake City, and Reno to San Francisco." - Edgerton, p. 105
The Goldbergs (radio:1929-1946, TV: 1949-1956), Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963)