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Skeletal unit bone introduction notes

This article provides an introduction to the skeletal system, including its divisions, functions, bone classification, and anatomy. It also explores the gender differences in skeletons.

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Skeletal unit bone introduction notes

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  1. Skeletal unitbone introduction notes MMHS Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Skeleton design • Human Skeleton has 206 Bones. • Humans have endoskeletons (=internal) • Arthropods have exoskeletons (=external) • Humans must rely on nervous system and sensory organs for protection • *oncoming car • *hot stove

  3. Skeletal divisions 2 Main Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial skeleton (body’s central frame) • Appendicular skeleton (body’s lateral frame) • Axial (forms the midline of the body) Includes the following parts cranium, rib cage, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx • Appendicular (think “appendages”) Includes the following parts  pectoral girdle (shoulder), pelvic girdle (hips), arms to hands, legstofeet.

  4. Axial vsappendicular skeleton

  5. Function of skeleton • [Protection] of vital internal organs • Skullprotects brain. • Rib cageprotects heart and lungs • Pelvisprotects reproductive organs. • [Support] provides framework for tissues to hang on. • [Movement] muscles attached via tendons. • [Storage] of minerals like calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) • [Production] of Erythrocytes (RBC’s) from red marrow.

  6. Bone classification by shape

  7. Bone classification a. long b. irregular c. flat d. irregular e. short

  8. Bone Anatomy • Epiphysis = ends of bone (covered in hyaline cart) • Epiphyses form RBC’s • Diaphysis = narrow shaft of bone • Periosteum = layer of connective tissue outside of bone. • Contains blood vessels and nerves. • Medullary Cavity = Hollow center of the bone. • Contains major blood vessels and marrow.

  9. Anatomy of bone

  10. Compact bone • Calcified matrix ( Canaliculi ) contain lacunae which hold osteocytes. • Osteocytes are connected to each other by canaliculi. • Receive nutrients • Get rid of wastes • Blood vessels and nerves that travel the length of the bone do so through Haversian Canals.

  11. Cancellous “spongy” bone • Trabeculae (interconnecting rods of bone) create the “spongy” appearance. • Located in epiphyses of bones (close to joints) • Joints bear greater amounts of stress from many directions. • Cancellous bone channels stress into direction of compact bone (= more strength)

  12. Cancellous bone

  13. Gender differences in skeletons • Male skeletons tend to be heavier to bear greater muscle attachment. • Coxa bones (hips) are narrower and more upright • Female skeletons have fewer markings on the skeleton • Female skeletons are better designed for childbirth. • Enlarged pelvic outlet / inlet • Less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx. • Broader = Iliac bones stick out more laterally but not as high as in males.

  14. Male vsfemale

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