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Skeletal system part 1: bone

Skeletal system part 1: bone . Honors Anatomy & Physiology. Bone . a combination of CT, epithelial & nervous tissues 18% of weight of human body Skeletal System includes bones & cartilage Part 1: Bone Part 2: Axial Skeleton Part 3: Appendicular Skeleton Part 4: Joints . FUNCTIONS.

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Skeletal system part 1: bone

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  1. Skeletal systempart 1: bone Honors Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Bone • a combination of CT, epithelial & nervous tissues • 18% of weight of human body • Skeletal System includes bones & cartilage • Part 1: Bone • Part 2: Axial Skeleton • Part 3: Appendicular Skeleton • Part 4: Joints

  3. FUNCTIONS • SUPPORT • skeleton serves as structural framework by supporting soft tissues & providing attachments for tendons of muscle 2. PROTECTION • Protects most important soft tissue organs from injury

  4. FUNCTIONS 3. MOVEMENT • Skeletal muscles attach to bones, when the muscle contract the bones move 4. MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS • Bone stores calcium, phosphorus which both help make bone strong • If body needs these minerals bone releases them

  5. FUNCTIONS 5. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, & platelets 6. TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE • yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides (chemical energy reserve)

  6. Parts of a long bone • Diaphysis: shaft or body; the long cylindrical portion of the bone 2. Epiphysis: distal & proximal ends of bone

  7. Parts of a long bone 3. Metaphysis: • region between diaphysis & epiphysis • in growing bone includes metaphyseal plate (hyaline cart. that allows bone to lengthen 4. Articular Cartilage: • layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of epiphysis where bone forms a joint with articulating bone

  8. metaphysis

  9. Articular cartilage

  10. Structure of Long Bones 5. PERIOSTEUM • tough , dense, irregular CT surrounds bone wherever it is not covered by hyaline cartilage • helps in repair of fractures • Attachment pt for ligaments 6. MEDULLARY CAVITY • aka Marrow Cavity • space w/in diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults

  11. periosteum

  12. Medullary cavity

  13. Structure of Long Bones 7. ENDOSTEUM • thin membrane that lines marrow cavity • contains 1 layer of bone-forming cells and CT

  14. Histology of bone • bone consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amts extracellular matrix • *bone is hard due to crystallized inorganic mineral salts • *bone is flexible due to collagen

  15. Types of Bone Cells • OSTEOGENIC CELLS • Stem cells from mesenchyme (origin of all CT) • only bone cells to divide

  16. Types of Bone Cells 2. OSTEOBLASTS • bone-building cells • synthesize & secrete collagen fibers • initiate calcification

  17. Types of Bone Cells 3. OSTEOCYTES • mature bone cells • main cells in bone • maintain exchange of nutrients & wastes with blood

  18. Types of Bone Cells 4. OSTEOCLASTS • huge cells that form by merging of many (50)monocytes • in endosteum • ruffled border faces bone surface: releases lysosomal enzymes & acids that digest underlying bone (bone resorption): part of normal maintenance, growth, development, & repair of bone

  19. Osteoclasts

  20. Types of bone (2) • Compact bone • few open spaces • outer bone layer of all bones • Spongy bone • inside bones

  21. COMPACT BONE • strongest form of bone • beneath periosteum of all bone • functions: • protection & support • resists stresses produced by weight & movement

  22. Parts of Compact Bone • OSTEON: • aka Haversian Systems • repeating units thru out compact bone • each one has central canal with concentrically arranged lamellae (rings), lacunae (filled with 1 osteocyte) • aligned in same direction along lines of stress • space between osteon filled with interstial lamellae

  23. Compact bone

  24. Spongy Bone • absence of osteons • made of lamellae arranged in irregular columns called trabeculae • makes up most of inside of short, flat, or irregular bones & epiphysis of long bones • lighter than compact bone • Function: • support & protect red bone marrow

  25. Spongy bone

  26. Bone growth • longer: • @ epiphyseal plate • wider: • called appositional growth • periostealosteoblasts on outer surface of bone • osteoclast remove compact bone inner border

  27. Bone growth: longer

  28. Bone growth: wider

  29. Bone Remodeling • Most bones are formed b/4 birth but each one continually renews itself for rest of life • ~5% of bone being remodeled @ any given time • bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue • Bone Resorption • Bone Deposition

  30. Bone Resorption • removal of minerals & collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts • results in destruction of bone extracellular matrix

  31. Bone Deposition • addition minerals & collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

  32. Factors AffectingBone Growth & Remodeling • Minerals • Ca, P, F, Mg, Fe, Mn • Vitamins • C needed to make collagen fibers & for osteoblast osteocyte • E & B12 needed for protein synthesis • Hormones • IGF’s in childhood (insulin-like growth factors) • estrogens & androgens important in puberty

  33. Fracture & Repair of Bone • Fracture: any break in a bone • Fractures named by: • severity • shape or position of fracture line • person who 1st described it

  34. Types of Fractures of Bone

  35. Types of Bone Fractures

  36. Types of Bone Fractures

  37. Types of Bone Fractures

  38. Fracture Repair

  39. Calcium Homeostasis • Bone is body’s main reservoir for calcium (stores 99% of total body Ca) • Normal blood level Ca 9 -11 mg/100mL • Calcium important for: • Muscle contraction • Nerve impulses • Blood clotting • Many enzymes require Ca as cofactor)

  40. Control of Calcium • 2 hormones control Ca in/out bone: • Calcitonin • Decreases blood Ca levels by putting more Ca into bone • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) • Increases blood Ca levels by taking Ca out of bone (increasing osteoclastresorption)

  41. Homeostatic Imbalances in Bone • Osteoporosis • condition of porous bones (resorption > deposition) • causes: deficient Ca in diet • USA: > 1 million fractures (hip, wrist, vertebrae) & afflicts 30 million Americans • decreased stature, hunched back, bone pain

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