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Criteria

Criteria. What criteria did you use to determine significance?. Significance. Prominence at the time – one set of factors is the extent to which the event the event/person/trend was noted at the time of its occurrence. Immediate recognition: Was it noticed a the time as having importance?

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Criteria

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  1. Criteria • What criteria did you use to determine significance?

  2. Significance • Prominence at the time – one set of factors is the extent to which the event the event/person/trend was noted at the time of its occurrence. • Immediate recognition: Was it noticed a the time as having importance? • Duration: How long did it exist or operate?

  3. Significance • Consequences – The most common consideration is the impact of the event/person/trend on subsequent events. More specific criteria for judging consequences include: • Magnitude of impact: how deeply felt or profound was the impact? (did it result in major or minor changes?) • Scope of impact – how widespread was the impact? (Were many people or geographical areas affected? Did it reach across various aspect of life?) • Lasting nature of impact – How long-lasting were the effects? (were the effects short-lived? Did the event materially change the direction of subsequent events?)

  4. Significance • Subsequent Profile – Less widely recognized as a factor in determining significance is the importance the event/person/trend has played in popular and professional history. More specific criteria for judging historic profile include: • Remembered: Has it been memorialized in popular culture or professional history? (Has it assumed iconic status within a group of society?) • Revealing: Does it inform our understanding of history? (is it emblematic of a condition or period in history?)

  5. Timeline of Canada’s Main Historical Periods • Pre-Contact: 30kBC • European Explorations – 1500-1700 • The French Period-1600-1760 • The British Period – 1760-1867 • Canada – the Nation – 1867 - Present

  6. Reasons for European Explorations of the Americas C. 1500 • The Renaissance • Trade with Asia • New Wealth – mercantilism • Power • Colonization

  7. Key Explorers in North America • C.1000 – Leif Ericson (Norse Voyages) • 1497-8 – John Cabot (England) • 1534-42 – Jacques Cartier (France) • 1577 – Sir Francis Drake (England) • 1583 – Humphry Gilbert (England) • 1576-86 – Frobisher and David (England) • 1604-15 – Samuel de Champlain (France) • 1609-10 – Henry Hudson (England)

  8. Franklin Expedition • Captain John Franklin • Northwest Passage • 1845-46 • 128 men onboard • http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/specialfeatures/franklinexpedition/time.asp

  9. What Happened? • During September, 1846, the Terror and the Erebus became trapped in the ice in the Victoria Strait, forcing the end of the expedition. From this point, the details of the expedition are scarce, leaving room for myth and mystery. Discoveries from search parties confirm that Sir John Franklin died on June 11, 1847 by an unknown cause, and by the spring of 1848, 24 members of the crew had died.

  10. Mackenzie & Thompson • Alexander Mackenzie, a fur trader and explorer who navigated the river that bears his name to the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and then, in 1793 crossed the Rockies and descended to the Pacific - the first European Canadian to reach the Pacific overland, a full decade before Lewis and Clark. David Thompson was a great explorer and cartographer.

  11. Henry Kelsey • Kelso was Henry Kelsey who joined the service of the Hudson's Bay Company at age 17 in 1688 and rose to become a governor of the Company. • At the time, and for centuries, the Company set itself up in forts on Hudson's Bay and let the Canadian First Nations bring the furs down to the Bay for trade. Very occasionally, a Bay man would explore inland.

  12. Henry Kelsey • In 1690 young Henry Kelsey joined a group of First Nations traveling into what must have been the Canadian heart of darkness. His journals were preserved in the Company archives and rediscovered in the 20th century. He is believed to have traveled southwest from the Bay to the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan River, near the modern town of The Pas, and then west and south onto the prairie. • He is believed to have been the first European Canadian to reach the prairie from the Bay.

  13. Ah, for just one time I would take the Northwest PassageTo find the hand of Franklin reaching for the Beaufort Sea;Tracing one warm line through a land so wild and savageAnd make a Northwest Passage to the sea.Westward from the Davis Strait 'tis there 'twas said to lieThe sea route to the Orient for which so many died;Seeking gold and glory, leaving weathered, broken bonesAnd a long-forgotten lonely cairn of stones.Three centuries thereafter, I take passage overlandIn the footsteps of brave Kelso, where his "sea of flowers" beganWatching cities rise before me, then behind me sink againThis tardiest explorer, driving hard across the plain.And through the night, behind the wheel, the mileage clicking westI think upon Mackenzie, David Thompson and the restWho cracked the mountain ramparts and did show a path for meTo race the roaring Fraser to the sea.How then am I so different from the first men through this way?Like them, I left a settled life, I threw it all away.To seek a Northwest Passage at the call of many menTo find there but the road back home again.

  14. But what about the people who were living here already?

  15. Consequences of European Arrival on Aboriginal Society (Long Term) • Clash of Beliefs (ie, traditional values vs. Christian/European values toward nature) • Breakdown of Native culture (values and traditions disrupted by European ways) • New technology changed hunting practices and lifestyle of subsistence • Fur trade changed hunting patterns as people hunted for profit not survival • Alcohol – caused families and communities to breakdown • Diet – European foods changed way of life and health

  16. Consequences of European Arrival on Aboriginal Society (Long Term) • Loss of political power (Europeans expected to govern) • Loss of land (traditional spirituality and lifestyle lost without land- “Mother Earth” • Disease – 90% of all aboriginal people died within 100 years of European arrival due to new diseases like measles, small pox, TB, and influenza. Natives had no immunities or medicines to protect against these diseases. Populations never recovered. • In 1500 there were more than one million aboriginal people living in modern Canada, 5 million in the USA and another 40 million in Central and South America – More than in Europe!

  17. European Benefits From Aboriginal Civilization • Survival methods in harsh climates • Hunting techniques • Fishing & Fur trapping • Transportation (canoe, showshoe, toboggan) • Clothing – Skins, hides, moccasins for N. American conditions • Wild foods (edible plants, berries, roots, nuts and mushrooms) • Native medicines – healing plants – cedar tea, calmus root, pine, highbush cranberry, etc.

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