10.3 A Clash of Values

1. 10.3 A Clash of Values

2. I. Nativism Resurges • The Sacco-Vanzetti case • Two Italian immigrants & anarchists accused of murder • Even though there was little evidence, Judge Thayer & the jury were biased • Reflected the prejudices & fears of the era Vanzetti and Sacco “In all my life I have never stole, never killed, never spilled blood…. We were tried during a time …when there was a hysteria of resentment and hate against the people of our principles, against the foreigner…. I am suffering because I am indeed a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian and indeed I am an Italian…. If you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already.” -B. Vanzetti

3. I. Nativism Resurges… 4. Found guilty & executed (1927) amid protest & controversy

4. I. Nativism Resurges… • Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s • Targeted African Americans, non-Protestants, & many new immigrants “We believe that the pioneers who built America bequeathed to their own children a priority right to it, the control of it and of its future, and that no one on earth can claim any part of this inheritance except through our generosity…. We hold firmly that America belongs to Americans and should be kept American.” - Imperial Wizard Hiram Evans The KKK held numerous marches in Washington D.C., including this one in 1925, where over 60,000 marched down Pennsylvania Avenue.

5. I. Nativism Resurges… 2. Scandals & power struggles between leaders led to its rapid decline in the late 1920s Year Membership 4,000,000 1925 6,000,000 30,000 David Stephenson, leader of Indiana’s KKK, was convicted & jailed for murder after he kidnapped and raped a women named Madge Oberholtzer. She tried to commit suicide and later died from injuries sustained during the attack.

6. I. Nativism Resurges… • Immigration policies changed in the 1920s in response to nativist pleas to “Keep America American” • National Origins Act (1924) restricted immigration to the U.S.

7. I. Nativism Resurges… D. Large number of Mexican immigrants came here as the demand for cheap farm labor increased More than 890,000 legal Mexican immigrants came to the U.S. between 1910-1920 to escape revolution, social chaos, & economic catastrophe. The numbers continued to rise during the 1920s.

8. II. A Clash of Cultures • Women sought to break free from their traditional roles & behaviors • More women entered the workforce • More women entered college • Some women became “flappers”

9. WOMEN AT TURN OF THE CENTURY WOMEN IN THE 1920s

10. THE NEW WOMAN OF THE 1920s

11. WOMEN BEING ARRESTED IN 1922 FOR WEARING REVEALING BATHING SUITS Legislators from several states introduced bills to reform feminine dress. In Ohio… -shirts & evening gowns couldn’t display more than 2 inches of the throat -wanted to prevent the sale of any garment which accentuates the lines of the female figure -females over 14 couldn’t wear a skirt that doesn’t reach to the part of the foot known as the instep

12. II. A Clash of Cultures… B. 1920s saw a growing rift between religious fundamentalist groups & secular thinkers over Darwin’s theory of evolution • Tennessee passed the Butler Act • John Scopes was put on trial (Scopes Trial) for teaching evolution • Even though Scopes was found guilty, the trial discredited the fundamentalist idea that the Bible was literally true In his biology class, Scopes read a passage from Civic Biology stating: “We have now learned that animal forms may be arranged so as to begin with the simple one-celled forms and culminate with a group which includes man himself.”

13. II. A Clash of Cultures… C. Prohibition, the movement to ban alcohol, gained many supporters in the early 1900s

14. II. A Clash of Cultures… • 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, & transportation of alcoholic beverages Amendment XVIII Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

15. II. A Clash of Cultures… 2. Congress passed the Volstead Act to enforce Prohibition Federal agents had over 2000 square miles to patrol and received little money for doing so. Many accepted bribes and “looked the other way.”

16. II. A Clash of Cultures… 3. People went to speakeasies to obtain illegal liquor 4. Organized crime grew as bootleggers earned huge profits making & selling alcohol Al Capone was a famous Italian American gangster during the Prohibition era who had a leading role in illegal activities in Chicago. He was eventually charged with tax evasion and sent to prison. George Remus was known as the “King of the Bootleggers” for illegally selling whisky. He made $40 million in 3 years.

17. II. A Clash of Cultures… 5. Prohibition was repealed with the 21st Amendment (1933) Deaths due to alcohol, Cook County, Illinois 1910-1926 Source: US Senate Judiciary committee Hearings on national prohibition, 1926