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RECONSTRUCTION

The Reconstruction era witnessed political turmoil as Republicans split on policies; Radicals favored punishing Southern leaders and enfranchising slaves, while moderates sought a more lenient approach. The Wade-Davis Plan, Lincoln's assassination, and the 13th and 14th Amendments played key roles in shaping post-Civil War America. Military/Radical Reconstruction, the Tenure of Office Act, and President Johnson's impeachment further defined this turbulent period. The rise of Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, and the Election of 1868 reflected shifting dynamics in the South. The Reconstruction legacy, including economic challenges and social progress, continues to influence American history.

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION

  2. Republicans split over Reconstruction vs. Moderates Radicals

  3. Radicals Want South & leaders punished *many disenfranchised *large plantations confiscated *vote to slaves

  4. Lincoln’s 10% Plan *10% of voters from 1860 take loyalty oath *Those voters set up state gov *Vote to educated blacks & vets

  5. Wade – Davis Plan *need majority of white males • Governor appointed by Pres. calls convention • Voted on by those who take ‘Ironclad Oath’

  6. State must: *abolish slavery *disenfranchise Confederate military & civilian leaders *repudiate Confed. state debts

  7. Lincoln sees a show

  8. Powell fights Frederick Seward

  9. Lewis Powell George Atzerodt Mary Surratt David Herold

  10. Andrew Johnson

  11. *Democrat *Tennessee *Poor – hates planter class *not in favor of rights for freeman

  12. Northern opinion hardens: *assassination of Lincoln *Southern reluctance to abolish slavery *refuse Black suffrage *elect former Confederates

  13. Georgia elects as Senator: Alexander Stephens

  14. O. O. Howard

  15. Freedman’s Bureau

  16. Black Codes Try to get as close as possible to slavery *Arrested if unemployed *Charged with vagrancy *Fined, can work off fine at a plantation *can’t refuse a job *can’t quit without permission

  17. 13th Amendment – 1865Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

  18. 14th Amendment 1st definition of citizenship *Naturalized Born in the USA *Born in US

  19. All entitled to: equal protection under the law Bans anyone who took oath to uphold Constitution then rebelled

  20. 1866 election Rep Dem Senate 42 11 House 143 49 Most Republicans Radicals

  21. Military/Radical Reconstruction *Tennessee allowed back in *5 military districts w/general *register all qualified voters: Black males White males not in rebellion

  22. Steps to re-enter *vote for delegates *voters ratify constitution which includes black suffrage *hold elections *new legislature ratifies 14th *restored to Union when enough states ratify

  23. 15th Amendment States can not deny vote to citizens because of: “race, color or previous condition of servitude”

  24. Tenure of Office Act President can not remove any confirmed official w/o Senate approval

  25. Command of the Army Act President can only issue military orders through the Commanding General of the Army, who can not be removed w/o approval

  26. Impeachment of Johnson *Fired Sec. Of War Stanton *House votes 11 charges *Senate needs 36 votes to convict – has 42 Republicans

  27. Vote on 1st charge 35 to 19 Vote on 2nd charge 35 to 19

  28. Scalawags Southern Republicans *former Whigs *farmers in non-slave areas hope for internal improvements *Wealthy planter who want economic development

  29. Carpetbaggers Northerners who come down for Reconstruction

  30. Election of 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant

  31. Democrat Horatio Seymour

  32. Scandals of the Grant Administration

  33. Credit Mobilier *Stockholder of Union Pacific *Overpriced & fraudulent contracts *Cost government $$$$$ *Bribe Congressmen to stop investigation *Schuyler Colfax took bribe now Vice President

  34. Whiskey Ring Treasury officials and distillers cheat government out of taxes Includes Oliver E. Babcock Grant’s private secretary

  35. Secretary of War William W. Belknap: Takes bribes from Indian post traders to keep positions

  36. 1872 Horace Greeley Nominee of Liberal Republicans and Democrats

  37. Southern States ‘Redeemed’ States that had a white majority – upper South – gain control of state government without too much trouble Throw out the Republicans

  38. Nathan Bedford Forrest Ku Klux Klan

  39. Use intimidation on voters 1890’s average 187 lynching per year Use economic pressure: *won’t rent land *no credit in stores

  40. Black Republicans National level 1869-1900: 20 in House 2 in Senate State level: Lower House of South Carolina

  41. Education By 1870 4000 schools established 200,000 students ~12% of black Children

  42. By 1876: 50% White 40% Black Attend school in the South

  43. THE NEW SOUTH

  44. Some look to diversify Southern Economy ‘Out Yankee the Yankees’ Promote thrift, industry & progress

  45. *Southern textile industry grows *Tobacco-James Duke American Tobacco Co. *Expansion of Railroad

  46. Few attempt to redistribute land White ownership down 80% 1860 67% 1876 Black ownership up to 20%

  47. Why don’t Radicals take plantations away and give land to freed slaves? Republican businessmen against the idea.

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