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EMERGE

EMERGE. 多属性分析. Hampson-Russell Software Services Ltd. EMERGE WORKSHOP. 理论和练习. 2002 年3月21日. EMERGE 课程目录. EMERGE 简介 3 练习 1: 建立 EMERGE 工区 7 地震属性 32 交绘图 54 练习2 : 单属性列表 59 多属性分析 69 地震属性的有效性 76 练习 3: 多属性列表 82 褶积因子的运用 89 练习 4: 褶积因子 94

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EMERGE

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  1. EMERGE 多属性分析

  2. Hampson-Russell Software Services Ltd. EMERGE WORKSHOP 理论和练习 2002年3月21日

  3. EMERGE 课程目录 • EMERGE简介 3 • 练习 1: 建立EMERGE工区 7 • 地震属性 32 • 交绘图 54 • 练习2: 单属性列表 59 • 多属性分析 69 • 地震属性的有效性 76 • 练习3: 多属性列表 82 • 褶积因子的运用 89 • 练习 4: 褶积因子 94 • 练习 5: 三维数据体的处理99 • 神经网络在EMERGE中的应用 110 • 练习 6: 预测孔隙度井 140 • 神经网络的学习 162 • 练习7: 使用神经网络 177 • 练习8: 从井预测井 200 • 总结 222

  4. EMERGE简介 EMERGE程序的目标: • EMERGE 是一个分析测井曲线和地震资料的程序. • EMERGE is a program that analyzes well log and seismic data. • 它能建立在井位处井与地震数据之间的关系. • It finds a relationship between the log and seismic data at the well locations. • 它运用这种关系去预测或者去估算整个地震体范围内的井的各种性质. • It uses this relationship to “predict” or estimate a volume of the log property at all locations of the seismic volume. EMERGE所用的数据: • 地震体(通常是 3D). • 与地震体相约束的一系列井资料. • 每口井包含一个即将被预测的目标曲线, 例如孔隙度曲线. • 每口井包含深时转换的信息, 通常都是经过check-shot 校正后的声波测井曲线. • Each well also contains the information for converting from depth to time, usually in the form of a check-shot corrected sonic log. • (可选项): 3维地震体的一个或多个外在属性. • One or more “external” attributes in the form of seismic 3D volumes.

  5. EMERGE简介 首先将井资料加载到GEOVIEW数据库中: The log data must be inserted into the GEOVIEW database: 下图显示出单井的测井曲线: This display shows the data for a single well:

  6. EMERGE简介 从理论上讲, 任意类的井的性质都可以是ENERGE预测的目标. Theoretically, any type of log property may be used as a target for EMERGE. 实际上, 以下类型的测井曲线都已被成功地预测: Practically, the following types have been successfully predicted: • P波速度 (P-wave velocity) • 孔隙度 (Porosity) • 密度 (Density • 伽玛测井(Gamma-ray) • 水饱和度*Water saturation) • 岩性井(Lithology logs) 唯一的条件就是每口井都必须存在将要进行预测的测井曲线. The only requirement is that an example of the target log must exist within each of the wells. 因为ENERGE假设目标曲线是无噪的, 所以在用ENERGE之前,编辑目标井是非常重要的. Since EMERGE assumes that the target log is noise-free, it is usually important to edit the target logs before applying EMERGE. 因为ENERGE要将目标曲线与地震资料相关, 所以正确的深时转换关系是很关键的. 基于此, check-shot校正和手动校正是必须的. Since EMERGE will be correlating the target logs with seismic data, the proper depth-to-time conversion is critical. For this reason, check-shot corrections and manual correlation are usually necessary.

  7. EMERGE简介 EMERGE可以当作常规迭后反演的延伸.EMERGE can be thought of as an extension of conventional post-stack inversion:

  8. 练习 1: 建立EMERGE工区 从地震属性中估计P波速度 Estimating P-Wave Velocity from Seismic Attributes 现在来做EMERGE的例子. 本例中, 我们将从地震属性来估算P波速度. We are now ready to do the first EMERGE example. In this example, we will estimate p-wave or sonic log velocity from seismic attributes. 数据体包括以下各项:The data set consists of the following: • SEGY文件seismic.sgy为三维迭后数据体文件. • A SEGY file, seismic.sgy, which is a 3D post-stack data set. • SEGY文件 inversion.sgy , 它是对输入的地震资料进行反演后的结果文件. • A SEGY file, inversion.sgy, which is the 3D result of performing inversion on the input seismic data. • 12口井用于约束以上两个SEGY文件. 每口井都包括声波测井曲线和check-shot文件. • 12wells that tie the two SEGY files. Each of these wells contains a sonic log and a check-shot file. 该练习的目的是通过地震资料和反演结果来预测三维地震体的新的声波测井曲线. The objective of this analysis is to predict new sonic logs for the entire 3D survey, using the seismic data and the inversion result.

  9. 数据加载 如果GEOVIEW程序没有启动, 则键入geoview启动该程序. 主窗口如下: If the GEOVIEW program has not been started, start it now by typing geoview in the command window. The GEOVIEW main window now appears: 点击Database/Open加载本次练习所用的井的数据库. 菜单如下: To load the complete well log database for this exercise, click on Database/Open. The menu will look like this:

  10. 数据加载 数据库的扩展名为wdb. 选择名为guide.wbd的数据库, 点击OK. GEOVIEW界面如下: A database is identified by the extension wdb. Select the database guide.wdb as shown above and click on OK. Your GEOVIEW window will now look like this: 如你所见, 12口井都被加载到GEOVIEW中. As you can see, all 12 wells have now been loaded.

  11. 启动GEOVIEW 井的数据库已经加载到GEOVIEW中了, 点击EMERGE按钮, 启动EMERGE程序. 下面的菜单出现了. Now that the logs have been loaded into GEOVIEW, we are ready to start the EMERGE program. To do this, click on the EMERGE button on the GEOVIEW main window. The following menu will appear: 点击OK开始一个新的工区. 如下所示, 填入文件名称后, 点击OK(注意该工区命名为velocity). Click on OK to Start a New Project. The File Selection window now appears. Fill it in as shown below and click on OK (note that we are calling the new project velocity):

  12. 启动EMERGE EMERGE主窗口显示出来(如下): The main window now appears: 现在来回顾一下EMERGE程序的分析过程. 我们希望用地震数据来预测三维地震体任一处的新的声波测井曲线. Let us now review the EMERGE process. We wish to use the seismic data to “predict” new sonic logs at every location in the 3D seismic volume. 我们搜集一些井位附近的样品数据, 极力寻找出井位附近的地震数据与测井资料之间的一种关系, 这一步叫“学习” (“training”). “training”完成后, 假设这样推导出的关系对整个地震体来说都是成立的, 然后将该关系应用到整个3维数据体. To do this, we will collect some sample data around the well locations and find a relationship between the seismic at those locations and the measured logs. This step is called “training”. After the training is completed, we will assume that the derived relationship is valid for the entire 3D volume, and apply that relationship to the entire 3D data set.

  13. 启动EMERGE 点击Wells/Read From Database从GEOVIEW中将声波测井曲线读入EMERGE, 开始“training”. 菜单如下: To start the training process, we need to read the sonic logs from GEOVIEW into the EMERGE main window. To do this, click on Wells/Read From Database. The following menu appears: 该项菜单有多页, 可以点击Next或Back来看这些, 只有将要求的各项填好后才可以点击OK. Notice that this menu has a series of pages, which can be viewed by using the Next >> and << Back buttons. You will not be able to click on OK until the required pages have been filled in. 首页是关于井位的菜单, 在该页上选择那口井要用于EMERGE分析. 在上面看到的菜单中, guide数据库的所有井都列在左列. 我们希望用全部的井资料, 所以点击Add all. The first page is the Wells page, which allows us to select which wells to include in the EMERGE analysis. As you can see above, the left column contains all the wells in the guide database. We wish to use all of them in the training, so click on Add all >>.

  14. 启动EMERGE 菜单如下: The menu now looks like this: 点击Next, 下一页显示如下: Now click on the Next >> button at the bottom of the menu. The new page will now appear:

  15. 启动EMERGE 该页上, 我们要明确数据库中的那条测井曲线是将要预测的, 即“目标体”. 本例中, 如上所示, 我们将要预测P波即声波测井曲线. 需要强调的是, 尽管井曲线是深度域, 处理却要在时间域内进行. 这是因为地震资料来自于时间域. This page is used to tell EMERGE which of the logs in the database is the one that we are trying to predict, i.e., which one is the “Target”. For this guide example, we wish to predict the P-wave or sonic log, as shown above. Also, we are specifying that, although the log is measured in depth, the analysis (Processing Domain) will be done in time. This is because the seismic data is measured in time. 所以我们需要指定适当的采样率, 而EMERGE恰好能够进行正确的深时转换. 注意: 该反演要用到声波测井的check-shot 校正. We need to specify the sample rate correctly (Processing Sample Rate), so that EMERGE can do the depth-to-time conversion properly. Note that the check-shot corrected sonic log will be used for this conversion.点击Next, 显示下一页: Click on the Next >> button at the bottom of the menu. The new page will now appear:

  16. 启动EMERGE 通过学习(training)那些已经加载到GEOVIEW中的井曲线的顶部, Tops 菜单确定分析窗口内的各项参数. The Tops page allows you to specify the analysis window for training in terms of the tops that have already been entered into the GEOVIEW database. 本工区中, 有四个层位: viking, mann, ch_top, and miss . 如上所示, 分析窗口以viking 开始, 以miss结束. 当然了, 分析窗口可以改变. In this project, we have entered four tops: viking, mann, ch_top, and miss. As shown above, select the viking as the start of the analysis window and the miss as the end of the analysis window. Note that the analysis window can be changed later if desired. 之后, OK键被激活, 表明EMERGE已有足够的井来进行处理. 点击OK, 又一个菜单显示出来: At this point, the OK button is enabled, indicating that EMERGE has enough data from the GEOVIEW database to proceed. Now that the entire menu has been filled in, click on OK. One more confirmation menu appears:

  17. Starting EMERGE 对每个所选择的井位而言, 它们都有两条P波测井曲线， 其一是原始曲线， 其二是经过check-shot后的井曲线。 系统默认最近创建的井曲线都要用于处理. 表中显示的是经过check-shot校正后的井. 点击任一口井的“P-wave CheckShotCorrected” 这一项, 会产生一个下拉菜单, 我们可以选择所需要的井曲线. 此处, 接受默认选项, 点击OK。 EMERGE主窗口如下所示： This menu appears because for each of the selected wells, there are actually two P-wave logs. One is the original log and the second is the check shot corrected log. By default, the most recently created log will be used. This is the check shot corrected log, which is shown in the table. If you wished to use the other log, clicking on the words P-wave CheckShotCorrected for any of the wells will produce a pullDown menu allowing you to select the desired log. For our case, accept the defaults by clicking on Ok on this menu.The EMERGE main window now looks like this: EMERGE窗口显示出各个井的目标井曲线. 棕色的横线表示以前选择的时窗. 后面我们会说明如何改变这个时窗. 移动滚动条, 可以看到所有的井曲线. The EMERGE window now shows the target log for each of the wells. The brown horizontal lines indicate the analysis window selected in the previous menu. We will examine how to change that later. By moving the horizontal scroll bar, you can see all the remaining wells.

  18. 启动 EMERGE 现在我们读入井位附近的地震数据. 如前面概论中所讲, 地震数据包括两个SEGY文件: seismic.sgy and inversion.sgy. Now we wish to read in the seismic data near the well locations. As mentioned at the beginning of the guide, the seismic data actually consists of two SEGY files, seismic.sgy and inversion.sgy. 点击Seismic/Add Seismic Input / From File 读入地震数据，界面如下：Now we will read in the seismic training data. To do this click on Seismic/Add Seismic Input / From File. The following menu appears:

  19. 启动EMERGE 在文件列表中选择文件seismic.sgy, 然后点击Add>>, 使之添加到右列(如下): On the file selection menu, select the file seismic.sgy and click Add >> to make it appear on the right column as shown: 点击Next>>. 下页是指定SEGY文件的格式和几何结构的。 Click on Next >> on this menu. The next menus are used to specify the format and geometry of the SEGY file.

  20. 启动EMERGE 界面如此：The next menu that appears is this one: 我们必须说明加载的三维体的道头是否有Inline/Xline数或者是否有 X & Y坐标。 这意味着设置地震道的关键是设为“CDP(矩形)”, 即, 地震数据是否要设置成均匀的inlines和crosslines. On this page, we must tell the program that we are loading a 3D volume that does not have either Inline/Xline numbers or X & Y coordinates in the trace headers. This means that the primary key for assigning traces will be set to “CDP(Rectangular)”, i.e., the seismic has a uniform series of inlines and crosslines.

  21. Starting EMERGE 点击Next >> , 有以下界面: Click on Next >> to get this menu: 在Type of Data选项中, 选择属性类型. 点击Type of Data, 选择“Raw Seismic”, 该属性的名字也将自动设置为Raw Seismic. In the box that defines the Type of Data, we must select the attribute type. When the menu first appears, it shows “<Unknown>”. Click in this box, and choose “Raw Seismic”, as shown. The attribute name will also be set to Raw Seismic automatically.

  22. 启动EMERGE 点击Next >>, 显示如下: 该菜单用来设置SEGY格式的属性. 因为地震数据文件不包含inline/crossline 数和X & Y坐标, 菜单上的许多参数都不被激活. This menu allows you to set attributes of the SEGY format. Since we have told the program that the seismic file does not contain inline/crossline numbers or X & Y coordinates, many of the parameters on this page are not active. 点击最后一个Next后, 会看到对话框, 指明需要浏览的数据文件, 此时点击Yes， 进行文件浏览。 Click on Next >> one last time. You will see a dialog that indicates that the data file needs to be scanned. Click on Yes on this dialog to proceed with the scanning.

  23. 启动EMERGE 本页菜单中，我们来指定三维地震体的几何结构。 在此， 我们仅仅改变其Cross-line数。 按照上示的菜单填好， 点击Ok. 显示出两个窗口。 其一为表格， 显示出井的位置及其与地震道的相关程度。 On this menu, we specify the geometry of the 3D volume. Note that the only change we have made is to set the Number of Cross-lines. Fill in the menu as shown above and click on Ok. Two new windows will now appear. One window shows a table, indicating how the wells are correlated with the seismic data:

  24. 启动EMERGE 其二， 为地震道: The second window shows the seismic data: 因为GEOVIEW数据库中的X-Y 坐标处理得当， 井与地震道的相关正确无误。 对于其它的数据体，则需要改变列表中的Inline 和 Xline。 点击Ok。 For this data set, the correlation is correct because the X-Y locations were entered appropriately in the GEOVIEW database. For other data sets, you may need to modify the Inline and Xline columns of the table. Now click on Ok to get the next menu.

  25. 启动EMERGE 该菜单用来抽取井位（该井位用于验证）附近的地震道。半径取为1。即， 组合地震道是井位附近一个Inline和 Xline的平均道。 此处取第9道为例. “Distance”是该点到各井位的地震道的平均， 我们可以改变该值。 按上示菜单填写， 点击Ok. This menu tells the EMERGE program how to extract the trace at each well location that is used in the training process. We will use a Neighborhood radius of 1, as shown. This means that the composite trace will be the average of those traces within 1 Inline or Xline of the well location. This is an average of 9 traces. Alternatively, you could modify the Capture option to “Distance”, which will average all traces within a specified distance from each well. Make sure that the parameters on the menu are set as shown above, then click on Ok.

  26. 启动EMERGE 从SEGY文件中抽取每口井的综合记录。 EMERGE主窗口显示出已加载的数据： The composite trace at each well location will be extracted from the SEGY volume and the EMERGE main window will be modified to show the added data:

  27. 启动 EMERGE 点击 Seismic / Add Seismic Input / From File，加载来自SEGY文件inversion.sgy的外部属性。 The final piece of data to add is an external attribute from the SEGY file inversion.sgy. To do this, click on Seismic / Add Seismic Input / From File. Fill out the next menu as follows: 以下几个菜单等同于加载Raw Seismic文件时的操作. The next series of menus is identical to those used in adding the Raw Seismic.

  28. 启动EMERGE 指定一般格式: 该属性命名为Inversion Result，类型为外部属性。 We must tell EMERGE that this is an External Attribute with the name Inversion Result. 点击Next. 直到最后点击Yes. Click on Next >> on this menu and the one that follows. When you see the dialog that says that the file must be scanned, click on Yes.

  29. 启动EMERGE 几何结构如下： Describe the geometry: 点击Ok后，窗口会显示出彩色的地震反演数据。 When you click Ok on this menu, two things will happen. First, the seismic display window will be updated to show the inversion data in color:

  30. Starting EMERGE 同时， 地震道提取菜单重新显示出来， 允许指定用于提取外部属性的参数： The second thing that will happen is that the Trace Extraction menu will appear again to allow you to specify parameters for extracting the External Attribute trace: 点击Ok，提取单道， 该道为井位附近一个 Inline 或 Xline距离内的地震道的平均。EMERGE主菜单会包括该道数据。 Once again, click on Ok on this menu to extract a single trace, which is the average of those traces within one Inline or Xline of the well location. The EMERGE main window will be updated to include this new data.

  31. 启动EMERGE EMERGE 主窗口显示出对每口井的分析;红色代表目标井曲线; 黑色代表单地震道; 蓝色代表外部属性. 分析时窗用棕色的横线表示. 注意: 每口井的时窗可能都不相同。 The EMERGE main window shows the analysis data for each well: the target log in red, the single seismic trace in black, and the external attribute in blue. The analysis window is also shown by brown horizontal bars on each log. Note that this window may be different for each well.

  32. 启动EMERGE 点击Wells / Set Analysis Windows , 通过下表来验证（可能会改变）分析时窗： To examine (and possibly change) the analysis window, click on to get the following table: 如果我们对分析时窗感到满意的话, 点击Cancel .（练习1毕） Since we are happy with the analysis windows as shown, click on Cancel to remove this menu. (End of Exercise 1)

  33. 地震属性 地震属性通常时地震道的线性转化。 are transforms, generally non-linear, of a seismic trace. 地震属性的两种类型: Two types of attributes: 基于采样的：Sample-based: calculated from the trace on a sample-by sample basis. 举例: 振幅包络 Example: amplitude envelope. 基于层位: 由两个层位的平均值计算出来 Horizon-based: calculated as averages between two horizons. 举例: 两层位置之间的空隙率 Example: average porosity between two horizons. 对EMERGE而言, 所有的属性都是基于采样的。 For EMERGE, all attributes must be sample-based. 地震属性如下: Examples of seismic attributes :

  34. 地震属性 EMERGE 能够计算下列的内部属性： EMERGE can calculate the following attributes internally: 振幅包络 Amplitude Envelope 振幅加权cosine振相 Amplitude Weighted Cosine Phase 振幅加权频率 Amplitude Weighted Frequency 振幅加权相位 Amplitude Weighted Phase 平均频率 Average Frequency 视极性 Apparent Polarity 瞬时Cosine相位 Cosine Instantaneous Phase 导数 Derivative 瞬时振幅的导数 Derivative Instantaneous Amplitude 主频 Dominant Frequency 滤波切片 Filter Slices 瞬时频率 Instantaneous Frequency 瞬时相位 Instantaneous Phase 积分 Integrate 绝对振幅积分 Integrated Absolute Amplitude 二阶导数 Second Derivative 瞬时振幅的二阶导数 Second Derivative Instantaneous Amplitude 时间 Time

  35. 地震属性 EMERGE可以输入外部属性。 它们不能通过内部属性计算出来， 因为： EMERGE can also import external attributes. These are seismic attributes that cannot be calculated internally because: 比如： 相关性。They are proprietary – e.g. : coherency 太复杂， 如地震反演， AVO属性， 等等。 They are too complicated – e.g. : seismic inversion, AVO attributes, etc. 内部属性可以归为以下几类：The internal attributes can be grouped into the following categories: 瞬时属性 Instantaneous attributes 时频属性 Windowed frequency attributes 滤波切片 Filter slices 导数属性 Derivative attributes 积分属性 Integrated attributes 时间（线性渐变）Time (a linear ramp) 以地震数据为例，现在来关注一下关于群属性的理论。 We will now look at the theory of each group of attributes with seismic examples.

  36. h(t) A(t) Hilbert Transform f(t) Seismic s(t) Time 瞬时属性 Taner, et al首先提出瞬时属性(Geophysics, June, 1979). 他们从复地震道C(t)算起。 C(t) 由地震道s(t)和其希尔伯特变换 h(t)(希尔伯特变换即对地震道作90° 相 移 ). 如下所示, 将复数地震道写成极坐标形式, 图中标示出了两个基本属性: 振幅包络A(t) (也称为瞬时振幅)和瞬时相位f(t). Instantaneous attributes were first described in the classic s(t), paper by (Geophysics, June, 1979). They are computed from the complex trace, C(t), which is composed of the seismic trace, s(t), and its Hilbert transform, h(t), which is like a 90° phase shifted trace. Writing the complex trace in polar form, as shown below, gives us the two basic attributes: the amplitude envelope, A(t), and instantaneous phase, f(t). (Note that the term instantaneous amplitude is used synonymously with amplitude envelope.)

  37. 瞬时属性 Instantaneous Attributes 第三个属性, 瞬时频率是瞬时相位对时间的导数. 方程式如下: A third basic attribute is the instantaneous frequency, which is the time derivative of the instantaneous phase. In equation form, we can write: 另一个瞬时属性则是前面三个基本属性的结合. The other instantaneous attributes in EMERGE are combinations of the three basic attributes, as shown below: 视极性属性便是由振幅包络乘以该地震道的波峰的极性符号而得. 用于该波峰相邻的波谷之间的一段地震道. Finally, the apparent polarity attribute is the amplitude envelope multiplied by the sign of the seismic sample at its peak value, applied in a segment between the troughs on either side of this peak.

  38. 瞬时属性 我们来看某三维体inline95处各个瞬时属性的图像. 08-08井也标在其上. Now, let’s look at examples of each of the instantaneous attributes applied to inline 95 from the input 3D volume. The line is shown below in colour amplitude form with wiggle trace overlay. The sonic log from well 08-08 has also been overlain.

  39. 瞬时属性 inline 95处的瞬时相位Instantaneous phase of inline 95. inline 95处的振幅包络 Amplitude envelope of inline 95.

  40. 瞬时属性 inline 95 处的Cosine瞬时相位 Cosine of instantaneous phase of inline 95. inline 95 处振幅的加权cosine相位 Amplitude weighted cosine phase of inline 95.

  41. 瞬时属性 inline 95处振幅的加权相位 Amplitude weighted phase of inline 95 inline 95处视极性 Apparent polarity of inline 95.

  42. 瞬时属性 inline 95处的瞬时相位 Instantaneous frequency of inline 95. inline 95处振幅的加权频率 Amplitude weighted frequency of inline 95.

  43. 时窗频率属性 EMERGE的另一类属是基于地震道的时窗频率分析. 在此过程中, 系统默认在64倍采样时窗中对每个地震道进行傅里叶变换. A second set of attributes in EMERGE is based on a windowed frequency analysis of the seismic trace. In this process, the Fourier transform of each seismic trace is taken over a 64 sample window ( the default). 在本窗口中, 选择好平均频率振幅或主导频率振幅, 并将该值赋予时窗中心点. From this window, either the average frequency amplitude or the dominant frequency amplitude is chosen, and this value is placed at the center of the window. 随后, 设置32倍采样时窗, 计算此时的频率振幅. 注意: 在属性参数菜单中可以修改采样时窗的默认值, 如下所示: A new window is then chosen 32 samples later (the default), and the new frequency attribute is calculated, and so on. Note that the defaults can be changed in the Attribute/Attribute Parameters menu, shown below.

  44. 时窗频率属性 inline 95 处的主导频率 Dominant frequency of inline 95. inline 95 处的平均频率 Average frequency of inline 95.

  45. 滤波切片属性Filter Slice Attributes 第三类属性为地震道的窄频滤波切片. 以下六种为通常所用: A third set of attributes in EMERGE is comprised of narrow band filter slices of the seismic traces. The following 6 slices are used: 5/10 – 15 20 Hz 15/20 – 25/30 Hz 25/30 – 35/40 Hz 35/40 – 45/50 Hz 45/50 – 55/60 Hz 55/60 – 65/70 Hz 下面分别显示最低频和最高频切片. The figures on the next slide show the lowest and highest frequency slices.

  46. Filter Slice Attributes inline 95处5/10 – 15/20 Hz滤波切片 5/10 – 15/20 Hz filter slice of inline 95. inline 95处55/60 – 65/70Hz滤波切片 55/60 – 65/70 Hz filter slice of inline 95.

  47. 导数属性Derivative Attributes EMERGE中第四类属性是基于地震道或相应的振幅包络(亦称瞬时振幅)的一阶或二阶导数. A fourth set of attributes in EMERGE is based on the first or second derivative of the seismic trace or its amplitude envelope (or instantaneous amplitude, which you recall is synonymous with amplitude envelope). 通过以下的公式来计算导数: The derivatives are calculated in the following way, where si = the ith seismic or amplitude envelope sample, d1i = the ith first derivative, d2i = the ith second derivative, and Dt = the sample rate: 其中, si是第i个地震道或振幅包络; d1i为第i个一阶导数; d2i为第i个二阶导数; Dt为采样间隔. 以inline95处的地震道和振幅包络为例: The derivative examples on the next two slides are from inline 95.

  48. 导数属性 inline 95 处的地震道的导数Derivative of inline 95 inline 95 处的振幅包络的导数 Derivative of amplitude envelope of inline 95.

  49. 导数属性 Inline95处地震道的二阶导数 Second derivative of inline 95. Inline95处的振幅包络的二阶导数 Second derivative of amplitude envelope of inline 95.

  50. 积分属性 第五类属性基于地震道积分或相应的振幅包络(瞬时振幅)积分. 通过以下方程计算: A fifth set of attributes in EMERGE is based on the integrated seismic trace or its amplitude envelope (or instantaneous amplitude, which you recall is synonymous with amplitude envelope). The integrated values are calculated in the following way, where si = the ith seismic or amplitude envelope sample, Ii = the integrated value. Note that this is a running sum. 其中, si 代表第i个地震道或振幅包络,Ii代表 相应的积分值. 最后, 地震道积分要对默认的50个点进行平滑滤波以便去除反演结果的低频趋势. At the end of the running sum the integrated seismic trace is filtered by running a default 50 point smoother along it, and removing the resulting low frequency trend. 将振幅包络除以最大最小采样数之差, 使之归一化. 同样, 默认选项均可在属性参数菜单中修改. The integrated amplitude envelope is normalized by dividing by the difference between the minimum and maximum samples over the total number of samples. Note that the defaults can be changed in the Attribute / Attribute Parameters menu, shown earlier. 以inline 95处的积分为例: The integrated examples on the next slide are from inline 95.

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