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Negritude Movement

Negritude Movement. '57. Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah. '63. Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta. Mount Kenya - bongo herd. Map of dialects in Kenya. Maasai . '62. '60. Congo (Zaire). Today: Civil War…. Mobutu Sese Seko. '75. Portuguese. Angola. More civil war…. 2002 – ceasefire agreement.

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Negritude Movement

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  1. Negritude Movement

  2. '57 Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah

  3. '63 Kenya • Jomo Kenyatta

  4. Mount Kenya - bongo herd Map of dialects in Kenya Maasai

  5. '62

  6. '60 Congo (Zaire) Today: Civil War… Mobutu Sese Seko

  7. '75 Portuguese Angola More civil war… 2002 – ceasefire agreement

  8. South Africa • South Africa was granted its independence from Great Britain in 1931

  9. Apartheid • Apartheid: • complete separation of races – segregation • 1948 – National Party gains power (Afrikaner nationalism) • Apartheid policy enforced by laws • 1959 – “homeland system” – Bantustans • Afrikaners • white South Africans of Dutch descent

  10. African National Congress (ANC) • formed in 1912 • fight for black right against minority rule (apartheid) • use strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations • banned by SA government

  11. Nelson Mandela • Nelson Mandela • Lawyer • ANC: leader of violent wing (“the spear”) • Armed struggle – jailed for 27 years (Robben Island) • Symbol of anti-apartheid struggle • advocates peace and reconciliation • Freed from prison & elected President in 1994 • Steve Biko • Anti-apartheid activist • murdered in police custody ‘77 Steve Biko

  12. Archbishop Desmond Tutu • Desmond Tutu • South African archbishop • Economic campaign • foreign trade restrictions • Organized protest (i.e., Nation-wide school boycott) • 1984 – Nobel Peace Prize • F.W. de Klerk • Afrikaner – lawyer – President in ‘89 • ’90 legalize ANC & frees Mandela F.W. de Klerk

  13. Sharpeville Massacre • March 21st,1960: South African police opened fire on a crowd of black protesters, killing 69 people. • the shootings led the ANC and PAC to move away from nonviolent tactics • RESULTS: • Apartheid government bans ANC & PAC • popular uproar from blacks - protests • international sympathy

  14. End of Apartheid • Apartheid laws repealed under F.W. de Klerk • ’92 referendum (white voters): minority  majority rule • 1993 – de Klerk and Mandela • awarded Nobel Peace Prize for work together • 1994: 1st universal election • ANC (Mandela) vs. National Party (de Klerk) • ANC victory in elections(63% of votes): Mandela becomes President & de Klerk becomes VP • forgiveness and reconciliation • 1996 New democratic constitution formed • Equal rights for all citizens & a bill of rights

  15. South Africa Today • 1999 – Mandela does not seek reelection • President  Thabo Mbeki (1999-2008) • Problems: • High unemployment (40% black pop.) • high crime rate • Lack of foreign investment • AIDS

  16. What was apartheid in South Africa? Who was Nelson Mandela and what did he do? What two people worked together to end apartheid rule?

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