Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

1. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

2. Human Cloning-The ScienceIn The News

3. Biotechnology • Use of scientific & engineering principals to manipulate organisms or their genes

4. Products of Biotechnology • Organisms with special biochemical, morphological, and/or growth characteristics • Organisms that produce useful products • Information about an organism or tissue that would other wise not be known

5. Classical Biotechnology • Propagation to get selected characteristics Plants derived from wild mustard

6. Techniques for Classical Biotechnology • Selection • Hybridization • Mutation

7. Hybrid • Offspring from crossing two genetically similar varieties of a species • Cross between two different species

8. Hybrid Vigor • Hybrid improved in certain ways over parents • Stronger • With higher yields

9. Important Microbiology Events • Pasturization • Louis Pasteur (1860s) • Process to kill microorganisms that cause fermentive change • Germ theory • Robert Koch (late 1800s) • Germs cause infection • Developed pure culture methods

10. Antibiotics • Alexander Fleming (1927) • Mold that contaminated cultures killed bacteria • Began process of screening for antibiotics

11. Molecular Biotechnology • Manipulating genes • Genetic recombination • Exchange of DNA sequences between molecules

12. Bacterial Exchange of DNA • Transformation • Transduction • Conjugation

13. Transformation • Donor bacterium • Lysed • Releases DNA • Recipient bacterium • Take up DNA • Can be induced

14. Transduction • Virus transfers DNA from donor to recipient

15. Conjugation • Donor & recipient make contact • DNA is transferred • Transfer in bacteria with plasmids

16. Plasmids • Extra chromosomal pieces of DNA • Replicate independently • Small portion of bacteria’s DNA • Contain genes that promote transfer

17. Engineering Gene Transfer • Recombinant DNA technology • Individual genes isolated and transferred

18. Applications of Biotechnology • Producing proteins for therapeutic use • Producing vaccines • DNA fingerprinting • Research on genome structure & function • Gene therapy to treat disease • Modification of food

19. Producing Therapeutic Proteins • Insert genes into bacteria • Manipulate bacteria to produce proteins • Purify proteins for use

20. Finding the Gene of Interest • Shotgun cloning • Isolating & purifying genomic DNA • Cutting DNA into fragments • Insert fragments into bacteria or yeast • Results in complete genomic library • Library screened to find desired gene

21. DNA into Gene Fragments • DNA clipped with restriction enzymes • Recognize certain DNA sequences

22. Cloning Genes • Restriction fragments into bacteria or yeast using plasmids or viruses

25. Complementary DNA (cDNA) Cloning • Gene of interest is known • Messenger RNA from gene available • Use reverse transcriptase to make gene • Can be expressed in bacterial systems

26. Gene Synthesis Cloning • Desired sequence must be known • Laboratory made gene inserted into yeast or bacteria • Used for insulin cloning as example

27. Screening for Desired Genes

28. DNA Probes • Molecule that binds to a specific gene • Types of DNA Probe • Molecules of RNA • Complementary sequences of DNA

29. Genetically Engineered Vaccines • Vaccines stimulate an immune response • Benefit of genetically engineered vaccine • Non pathogenic

30. DNA Vaccines • DNA sequence of pathogen injected • Immune system develops antibodies • Advantages • No risk of infection • No risk of illness from contamination • Long lasting immune response • Can administer many vaccines in a single shot

31. DNA Fingerprinting • DNA fragments amplified • Fragments drawn through gel • Bands visualized by dyes • Humans have unique patterns

32. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) • Makes copies of DNA fragments • Allows for analysis starting with small samples • Gives large number of copies

34. PCR can be Automated

35. Electrophoresis • Separates DNA fragments

36. DNA Fingerprints & Paternity

37. Human Genome Project • Sequence of Human DNA • 3 billion base pairs • 30,000 to 40,000 genes

38. Genomics • Subdiscipline of genetics • Mapping, sequencing, & analyzing • Two areas • Structural genomics • Functional genomics

39. DNA Arrays (DNA Chips) • Allows screening of thousands of genes

40. Gene Therapy • Uses recombinant DNA to treat genetic disorders • Replaces defective genes • Includes targeted gene repair

41. Food Modification with Biotechnology • Increase yield • Increase quality • Modification of genes in organisms • Example: transgenic plants • Genetically altered

43. Transgenic & Cloned Animals • Dolly • First cloned animal • Nuclear transfer from cell to produce embryo

44. Transgenic & Cloned Animals • Bioengineered animals • Combine desired traits • Cow example: • Heavy muscle • Low fat

46. Genetic Engineering Controversy • Potential dangers exist • Experiments governed by National Institute of Health • Genetically modified foods • Common in U.S. • Opposed by Europe

47. Arguments Against Bioengineering • Long term safety of engineered foods • Spread of bioengineered genes