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Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Discover the fascinating world of biotechnology and genetic engineering, where DNA manipulation and recombinant DNA techniques are revolutionizing the field. From extracting DNA to creating transgenic organisms, explore the tools of molecular biology and the applications of genetic engineering in producing pharmaceuticals, developing vaccines, and creating genetically modified organisms. Learn about DNA synthesis, cell transformation, genetic markers, and the potential of edible vaccines and transgenic animals. Uncover the transformative potential of biotechnology in various sectors, from healthcare to agriculture, and understand how advancements in DNA science are shaping the future of scientific research.

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Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

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  1. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA and DNA Science

  2. Genetic Engineering • Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

  3. DNA extraction • Biologists can use chemicals to get DNA out of cells • You did this in the Strawberry/DNA extraction lab

  4. Tools of Molecular Biology Restriction enzymes – cut DNA

  5. Separating DNA • Gel electrophoresis - DNA fragments (negatively charged) move toward positive end of gel -smaller fragments move faster, farther -compare gene composition (genomes) of different individuals

  6. To study genes… biologists need MANY copies of a gene

  7. Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR • Copier stuck on “print”

  8. Cell Transformation

  9. Recombinant DNA • DNA synthesizers – put short pieces of DNA together

  10. Recombinant DNA The manipulation and combination of DNA from two sources Bacterial DNA + human gene for insulin Plant DNA + bacterial DNA Mouse DNA + human DNA

  11. Recombination Insert a foreign gene into a host Plasmid, then into the bacterial cell – transformation Transgenic organisms Recombinant DNA Goal – To produce many copies ( clones) of a particular gene (PCR) Genetic marker – tags gene of interest – to identify the presence of a gene

  12. Restriction Enzymes Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme

  13. Biotechnology The use of living cells to make products such as pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages The use of organisms such as bacteria to protect the environment The use of DNA science for the production of products, diagnostics, and research

  14. Pharmaceuticals insulin for diabetics factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A factor IX for hemophilia B human growth hormone (GH) erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia three types of interferons several interleukins granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for stimulating the bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs parathyroid hormone leptin hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B virus

  15. Golden Rice- Agrobiotech Golden rice is the result of an effort to develop rice varieties that produce provitamin-A Because traditional rice varieties do not produce provitamin-A, transgenic technologies were required.

  16. Transgenic Mice – Manipulation of embryo( blastocyst)

  17. Transgenic mice Two baby mice - same age Human Growth hormone inserted into the embryo of one of these mice…

  18. Insect Resistance B. thuringiensis (commonly known as 'Bt') is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests Bt products represent about 1% of the total ‘agrochemical’ market (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides)

  19. Vaccines Bananas and tomatoes as edible vaccines Benefits of an edible vaccine?

  20. Glo fish Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able to quickly and easily determine when our waterways are contaminated

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