Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

1. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology What do you think it is?

2. Use this powerpoint, the Chapter 15 notes posted, and your textbook to answer the questions Textbook pages: • 15.1 (pages 418 – 420) • 15.2 (pages 426 – 427) • 15.3 (pages 428 – 434) • Optional – 15.4 (Ethics and Impacts of Biotechnology)

3. …Think of 4 different types of apples you’ve seen/eaten • Describe them in your notebook (color, size, shape) • What is the BEST characteristic for each type of apple? • Hypothesis: How could you produce one apple that has the best traits of all these four types?

4. Genetic engineering The process of manipulating specific genes to produce desired results in zebrafish and mice …and many other organisms

5. Selective Breeding • Method of improving a species by allowing only those individuals with desired characteristics to reproduce. • Used to pass the desired traits onto the next generation.  Increases variation!! • 2 strategies: hybridization and inbreeding • Inbreeding comes with risks

6. It's pretty much my favorite animal. It's like a lion and a tiger mixed... bred for its skills in magic Hybridization or Inbreeding? • Breeding a female Tiger and a male Lion? X • Hybridization • Result: Liger

7. Breeding two Pomeranians? • Inbreeding • Result: A purebred Pomeranian

8. Breeding a female horse and a male donkey? X • Hybridization • Result: Mule (Sterile)

9. Selective Breeding consists of Hybridization Inbreeding which crosses which crosses Dissimilar organisms Similar organisms for example for example Organism breed B Organism breed A Organism breed A which which Retains desired characteristics Combines desired characteristics Section 13-1

11. Other ways of increasing variation • Bacteria • Scientists have been able to develop hundred of useful bacterial strains (see notes) • Plants • Drugs can prevent chromosomal separation in cells during meiosis…causingpolyploidy (having many sets of chromosomes) • Can produce new species of plants that are often larger or stronger than the usual diploid.

12. Applications of Genetic Engineering • Transgenic organisms that have DNA from another organism inserted into it • Scientists have inserted genes for insulin and human growth hormone into bacteria. The bacteria produce large amounts of insulin or HGH and it can now be used for humans • Many other transgenic plants and animals exist

13. Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone DNA recombination Human Cell Sticky ends DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone Plasmid Transformation: Making bacteria with foreign DNA

14. Genetic Engineering: Cloning Clones are genetically identical cells. Cloning can occur naturally and artificially. The first cat clone was created in 2001 (shown to the right)

15. A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell Egg Cell The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The fused cell begins dividing normally. Embryo Cloned Lamb The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly Foster Mother Process of cloning a sheep

16. Uses for Biotechnology today • Creation of new organisms (like the colored mice) • Make medicines for patients (like insulin) • Paternity tests • Cloning and stem cell research • Genetically Modified Foods • Forensics

17. What happens in modern biotechnology? • Often involves procedures using proteins or DNA • Main processes • DNA extraction • Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes • Separating with gel electrophoresis • Sequencing • Recombinant DNA

18. Gel Electrophoresis • Separation of DNA molecules based on their sizes • Send an electric current through the gel and the smaller particles move farther along the gel