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The Conflict in Northern Ireland

The Conflict in Northern Ireland. Cory Hancock, Nousha Kabawat, Aziz Abu Sarah, Rachael Rackley, Alex Cuccia. Outline. Background of the Conflict The Troubles Conflict Models Discussed SPITCEROW Protracted Social Conflict Conflict Escalation and De-Escalation Model

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The Conflict in Northern Ireland

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  1. The Conflict in Northern Ireland

    Cory Hancock, Nousha Kabawat, Aziz Abu Sarah, Rachael Rackley, Alex Cuccia
  2. Outline Background of the Conflict The Troubles Conflict Models Discussed SPITCEROW Protracted Social Conflict Conflict Escalation and De-Escalation Model Suggestions for the Future Q & A
  3. Understanding the Parties
  4. Background 1600’s: The Penal Laws 1609: Plantation of Ulster 1800's: Potato Famine 1801: Act of Union 1905: Sinn Fein formed 1913: Irish Republican Army (IRA) formed 1921: Partition of Ireland 1960’s-1990’s: The Troubles 1998: Good Friday Settlement
  5. Terence O'Neill: Fourth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland: March of 1963
  6. Civil Rights Movement Beginnings Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association- NICRA February 1967 - Non-violent civil rights movement; called for reforms such as - one man one vote - end of gerrymandering - housing and employment sectors Derry Housing Action Committee- DHAC Nov 1967 Led to protests, rallies, and civil rights marches
  7. The Troubles Civil Rights Campaign- 1964-1972 Derry March- October 5 1968 People's Democracy March- January 1-4 1969 Battle of Bogside- August 1969 Internment- 1971-1975 'Bloody Sunday'- January 30 1972 'Bloody Friday'- July 21 1972 Sunningdale Agreement- 1973-1974 Ulster Workers Council Strike- May 1974 Dublin and Monaghan Bombs- May 17 1974
  8. The Troubles IRA Truce- February 9 1975- January 23 1976 Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention- July 1974- March 1976 United Unionist Action Council Strike- 1977 Hunger Strike- 1981 Anglo-Irish Agreement- November 15 1985 Brooke & Mayhew Talks- April 1991- Nov 1992 Continued multi-party talks leading to peace process- 1993-1998
  9. Importance of Symbols Symbols can represent an identity, culture, religion. Colorful range of symbols around Northern Ireland Symbols such as wall murals, flags, colored keystones, acronyms, dates, slogans, etc.
  10. Conflict Models SPITCEROW Protracted Social Conflict model Conflict Escalation De-escalation Model
  11. Sources Power struggle and asymmetry issues between Catholics and Protestants and minority-majority power issues Catholic Nationalist struggle for Irish independence and Unionist Protestant struggle to remain connected with Britain Uncertainty of political status of the region Competing claims of two communities
  12. Parties Catholic Nationalists Catholic Republicans- extreme Nationalists Irish Government British Government Protestant Unionists Protestant Loyalists- extreme Unionists Many political parties, paramilitary groups and important political figures influential parties to the conflict as well.
  13. Issues Irish desire for independence from Britain Unionist desire for unity with Britain Civil rights Minority rights Systematic discrimination Political gerrymandering Power struggles Economic inequalities Sporadic violence and insecurity Identity
  14. Tactics Violence on both sides Riots, Parades and Marches Bombings Use of symbols Paramilitary formation on both sides Use of Protestant controlled armed police force (RUC) and British Army presence Gerrymandering Direct rule from Britain Internment
  15. Changes Transition from a conflict of religious discrimination to a conflict involving discrimination of economic and civic matters Anglo-Irish Treaty "Good Friday" Belfast Agreement
  16. Enlargement Act of Union and 1921 Partition Civil Rights movement Increased violence Increase in media
  17. Roles George Mitchell- third party/negotiator Nationalists and Republicans working for independence from Britain Unionists and Loyalists working for retained loyalty to Britain British Army and RUC maintaining 'order' IRA as a paramilitary group for independence Sinn Fein- main political party Paramilitary Protestant groups working for loyalty to Britain
  18. Outcomes Formation of a devolved government 2007 Four main political parties Power sharing system Belfast Agreement 1998 Cease fires Paramilitary groups and IRA dismantled Gradual reduction of security forces Creation of new political and human rights institutions Working toward an unarmed police force
  19. Winners/Losers No winners? Everyone is a winner? Negative peace
  20. Key Issues and Roots of the Conflict Status of Northern Ireland Discrimination/Segregation Housing, Education, Employment Structural Violence Parades and Marches Law and Order Security, Policing, Violence, Administration of Justice Politics Political Parties, Electoral System
  21. Conflict Escalation De-escalation Model
  22. Escalation and De-escalation Model of Northern Ireland Jan 1998-March 1998 Suspension of parties from talks Stalemate and acts of violence and bombings Desire for Peace talks Talks move forward Conflict Escalation Killings and continued violence Agreement Multi-Party Talks and Proposed Peace Discussions De-Escalation and Peace talks between parties Post Conflict peace building
  23. Protracted Social Conflict Model Preconditions to violent conflict Communal content Deprivation of human needs Governance and the State's role International linkages
  24. The Peace Process Multi-party talks continuing from 1993 to 1998. George Mitchell, chairman of the talks, set April 9, 1998 as the deadline for an agreement. Delivers to each party, his version of a possible peace agreement based on talks summaries. Negotiations into April 9th and 10th. Friday April 10, 1998. "Good Friday" Belfast Agreement
  25. Since the Peace Process Analysis Positives: Good Friday and peace process has not broken down Cease fires remain Decommissioning Major police reforms Devolved government Expansion of civil society, human rights and women's rights Economic improvements international actors support of peace process
  26. Since the Peace Process Analysis Negatives: Negative peace Decommissioning is not sufficient for many Deep divisions persist, segregation of society Lack of community relations Good Friday can be seen to entrench the separate identities Lack of reconciliation Various forms of continued violence What's needed now? Reforms of Good Friday to allow for current situation Focus on the increasing social discrepancies Further develop reconciliation tactics
  27. Today 90 percent of children in Northern Ireland attend separate faith schools. Separation of rival neighborhoods Housing is still largely segregated Beginning to remove peace walls
  28. Suggestions for the future Reconciliation (Recommendations for the future and for sustained peace) Integration of schools
  29. Q & A Questions?!
  30. The End The End :) * #
  31. Bibliography McKittrick, David and David McVea. Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland.Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2002. CAIN Web Service. “Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland.” University of Ulster. Last modified April 17, 2012.http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/index.html. Kienzle, Benjamin. "Northern Ireland Five Years after the Good Friday Agreement: Again at the Crossroads?" IGADI. http://www.igadi.org/arquivo/pdf/te_se07/te19_7_095benjamin_kienzle_us.pdf
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