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Birds: Masterful Aviators of the Skies

Discover the intricate adaptations of birds for flight, from feathered dinosaurs to modern avians. Explore their unique features like honey-combed bones, air sacs, and beak adaptations. Learn about bird migration, reproductive systems, and their benefits to humanity. Uncover the evolution of flight through running and gliding hypotheses. Birds, with their light weight skeleton and keen vision, continue to inspire awe in nature enthusiasts worldwide.

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Birds: Masterful Aviators of the Skies

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  1. Class Aves

  2. Class Aves • Feathers • No teeth • Flexible long neck • One occipital condyle • Scales on legs • Bones with air spaces • Endothermic • Four chambered heart

  3. Adaptations for Flight • Honey-combed bones • Air cavities • Less weight

  4. Light Weight Skeleton • Example: • Frigate bird • 7 foot wing span • 4 ounce skeleton

  5. Adaptations for Flight • Enlarged sternum • Flight muscle attachment • Long neck • balance

  6. Adaptations for Flight • Wing • lift

  7. Adaptations for Flight • Feathers • Light weight • Strong • Downy, Primary, Flight

  8. Adaptations for Flight • Reduce body weight • No teeth • No urinary bladder • Reduced genitals during non-mating season • Hollow bones

  9. Migration • Ruby-throated hummingbird • Migrates to Central and South America in October • Returns in May • Follows the blooming flowers

  10. Migration • Arctic tern • Migrates 25,000 miles!

  11. Beak Adaptations • Ripping flesh

  12. Beak Adaptations • Eating seeds

  13. Beak Adaptations • Sucking nectar from flowers

  14. Beak Adaptations • Drilling wood

  15. Beak Adaptations • Catching fish

  16. Beak Adaptations • Basket-like bill to hold fish caught under water

  17. Beak Adaptations • Filtering

  18. Digestive System • Crop • Storage • Proventriculus • Enzymes • Gizzard • Grind food • Cloaca • Waste • Reproduction

  19. Vision • Up to 8 times keener than human vision • Each eye moves indendtantly

  20. Respiratory System • Nine air sacs • Connect to lungs and centers of bones • Cools the bird • Fresh air always moving • No dead ends as in mammals • Each wing beat moves air • Never run out of air

  21. Benefits of Birds to Man • Eat insects, rodents and weeds • Spread seeds for flowers and trees • Food • Sport • Pets • Birdwatching (link to “nature”)

  22. Caudipteryx • Feathered dinosaur • Flightless • Transitional fossil • Dinosaur arms • Dinosaur teeth • Only front of upper jaw • Bird feathers

  23. Archaeopteryx • 147 MYA • Transitional fossil • Characteristics of reptiles • Characteristics of birds

  24. Archeopteryx • Reptile characteristics • Teeth • Boney tail • Fingers with claws • Bird characteristics • feathers

  25. Evolution of FlightRunning Hypothesis

  26. Microraptor gui

  27. Evolution of FlightGliding Hypothesis

  28. The End

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