Realism in Science and the Arts

1. Realism in Science and the Arts Chapter 15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics (pages 386-391)

2. THE New Reading Public • Literacy Rates Improved after 1860’s due to: • 1. Introduction of • compulsory Primary education • Reading, writing, basic math • Teaching became a major area of employment for women.

3. The New Reading Public • By 1900, approximately 85% of population could read in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany • However, high illiteracy rates remained in Eastern European countries

4. What Were People Reading? • Newspapers • Books • magazines • Mail order catalogues • Journals • Tabloid newspapers

5. The Birth of Science Fiction • Science fiction stories accessible to wide audience • Became popular mid 1800’s • Captured the imagination of audiences • Jules Verne – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea • H.G. Wells – The Time Machine

6. “SCIENCE” • “The model for all human knowledge” • The height of human thought • “truth”

7. Aguste Comte • 1798-1857 • French philosopher (sociologist) • Developed Positivism- a philosophy of human intellectual development

8. Example: Why does a rock fall? • Ways to answer the question • 1. God wills it • 2. It is the nature of heavy objects to fall • 3. The Law of gravity

9. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 1. Theological stage- nature explained in terms of divinities & spirits • Why does the rock fall? God wills it.

10. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 2. Metaphysical Stage: • Abstract principles - Reason • Why does the rock fall? It is the nature of heavy objects to fall

11. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: • 3. Positive Stage: • Explanations of nature – reliance on observation • Why does the rock fall? The Law of gravity can be used to explain this phenomena

12. Modernism • Intellectual movement 1850-1914 • Effect of modernism in literature, art, psychoanalysis, physics, intellectual life. • In literature critical of middle class society & morality

13. Modernism & Science • 1. Charles Darwin • 2. Advances in Chemistry: Dmitri Mendeleyev • 2. The New Physics: Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein

14. Charles Darwin • Two Theories: • 1. Survival of the fittest -1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection • 2. All primates, including humans evolved form common ancestors-1871 The Descent of Man • http://blog.ted.com/2013/07/11/myths-and-misconceptions-about-evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about-the-subtleties/

15. Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer (British scientist) “Nations, like species, struggle to survive, and the winners are the fittest, while the inferior are eliminated” “us” vs. “them”

16. Chemistry- Dmitri Mendeleyev • 1860’s Russia Scientist • Classifies the chemical elements –Periodic Table

17. Chemistry -Alfred Nobel • Swedish Chemist • First produced dynamite 1867 • Allowed engineers to construct canals, tunnels • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSb-e1bB9F4

18. Alfred Nobel

19. Genetics – F. Gregor Mendel • Austrian Monk • Father of genetics • “Laws of inheritance” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmSJGhPTB5E

20. Physics- Marie Curie • Examines behavior of particles in subatomic world • Polish- studies radiation • Isolated the element radium in 1910 • Works with Her husband Pierre Curie

21. Marie Curie

22. Polish? Or polish? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEV4KJBJvEg

23. Physics-Max Planck • 1900 German • Energy of atomic particles was emitted or absorbed in specific units called “quanta” • “Quantum Theory” finalized 1925

24. Physics- Albert Einstein • 1905 publishes • “The Electro-dynamics of Moving Bodies” • E = MC2 • ENERGY EQUALS THE MASS TIMES THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT ! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKvO-gTs8

25. Modernism & Social Sciences • Psychology, political science, anthropology, criminology, sociology • Demonstrate how human behavior resulted from economic, political, and social forces.

26. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud • Viennese Medical Doctor • Original intention: • Wished to treat “ nervous disorders”

27. Freud’s Two Possible Treatments • 1. Electrotherapy – he declared this method useless • 2. Hypnosis

28. The Power of the Unconscious • Freud becomes convinced • That human behavior is controlled by the unconscious

29. Freud’s Psychoanalysis • Develops psychoanalysis – the study of dreams • Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams 1900

30. Freud’s Theory • Freud Divided into 3 Parts: • 1. “ Id” - source of animal drives, physical appetites, lust for pleasure & avoidance of pain • 2.” Ego”- conscious mind. Reason. Prevents primitive side from taking over. • 3. “Super Ego” – accumulation of learned morals, customs, , inhibitions.

31. Freud’s Id, Ego, & Superego http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKvO-gTs8

32. Freud’s Theory • *The Ego and Super Ego repress the “id” • Important to understand unconscious mind • Can help resolve internal conflict & psychoses • Ideas disturbing to society!

33. Modernism & Philosophy • Friedrich Nietzsche: German Philosopher (1844-1900) • Attacked: Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress! • Why?

34. Nietzsche • Didn’t want to CHANGE society’s values • But to EXPLORE how humans construct characteristics, values, ideologies, traditions.

35. Nietzsche’s Works • Beyond Good & Evil (1886) • The Genealogy of Morals (1887) • *seeks to find the psychological sources of good & evil

36. Modernism & Literary Trends • Realism- portrays hypocrisy, brutality, dullness of Bourgeois Life • 1. Emile Zola – credited with starting movement • Wrote 20 novels between 1871-1893 • Subjects: alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife

37. Realism & Literature (examples) • 1. Gustav Flaubert – Madame Bovary • A woman’s search for love outside marriage • 2. Leo Tolstoy-War & Peace • 3. Fyodor Dostoesvsli – Crime & Punishment

38. Modern Art • 1.Realism • 2. Impressionism • 3. Post- Impressionism • 4. Expressionism • 5. Cubism • 6. Photography

39. 1. Realism • Mid 19th century • Artistic realism perhaps influenced by photography • “romanticism is an escape from reality”

40. Barbizon School • Barbizon, Paris • Artists focused on rural peasant life • Ex: • The Gleaners • The Angelus • Both by Jean Francois Millet

41. The Gleaners, Jean Francois Millet

42. Gustav Courbet • French painter • Tries to portray ordinary people realistically • Sometimes unflattering! • Louis Napoleon once struck Courbet’s painting …

43. 2. Impressionism • Artists strive to capture “first impression” • Fascinated by light, color • Depict modern lifestyle, leisured activities, urban & lower middle classes

44. Edward Manet (1837-1883) • A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870) • Primary attention to light & color

45. Edward Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870)

46. Claude Monet (1840-1926) • Light & color outdoors • Works often featured water, snow • Constructed “portable boat studio” – paint on the Seine river

47. Claude Monet

48. Claude Monet Mini Bio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGoGshNbFew

49. Camille Pisarro (1830-1903) • Focuses on “street scenes” • Vibrancy of city life… • Avenue de l’opera

50. Painted social scenes: cafes, concerts, dancehalls Pierre-August Renoir (1841-1919)