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New Deal

New Deal. Essential Question/SSUSH 18A. Describe Roosevelt’s attempts at relief, recovery, and reform reflected in various New Deal programs. Hoover & the Depression. From 1929 to 1932, President Hoover was criticized for not doing more to end the depression Unemployment reached 25%

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New Deal

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  1. New Deal

  2. Essential Question/SSUSH 18A • Describe Roosevelt’s attempts at relief, recovery, and reform reflected in various New Deal programs

  3. Hoover & the Depression • From 1929 to 1932, President Hoover was criticized for not doing more to end the depression • Unemployment reached 25% • U.S. banking collapsed • Hoover offered gov’t intervention (relief check, job programs) but it was seen as too little, too late • By the election of 1932, Americans wanted hope & strong leadership

  4. Unemployment in America, 1929-1942

  5. FDR’s inaugural address in 1933 inspired hope “Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself; nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.”

  6. The Hundred Days • In his 1st 100 days in office, FDR & Congress passed 15 major laws • FDR’s 1st action was to address the bank crisis; By 1933, people had no faith in banks • FDR declared a 4-day bank holiday after which banks were allowed to re-open only after gaining a government endorsement

  7. FDR & the New Deal • FDR initiated his New Deal, a series of laws that were designed to fight the depression by offering: • Relief: gov’t relief checks & jobs to get people back to work • Recovery: tried to end the depression by stimulating industry & farming • Reform: long-term solutions to America’s economic problems

  8. Banks recovered & Americans slowly regained confidence in banks

  9. FDR’s Fireside Chats • FDR used the radio to sell his New Deal programs to the American people • These “fireside chats” used simple , clear language to explain his New Deal programs & gain public support for these goals

  10. New Deal: Relief • The greatest success of the New Deal was its ability to offer relief to unemployed citizens: • The government provided relief checks to 15% of Americans • The government created jobs for Americans

  11. Percentage of American Families Accepting Government Relief in 1933

  12. New Deal: Relief • Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) • Granted federal money to state and local governments to operate soup kitchens and provide basic needs for families • Public Works Administration (PWA) • Provided money to states for the construction of roads, bridges, and dams

  13. New Deal: Relief • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work program for young men aged 18-25: • The CCC built roads, soil erosion projects, & parks • The CCC employed 3 million young men

  14. CCC workers paved roads, planted trees, built bridges

  15. New Deal: Relief • The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) created hydroelectric power plants in the South • TVA created dams in 7 states to provide cheap hydroelectric power & create jobs

  16. New Deal: Reforms • The New Deal created long-term reforms to address weaknesses in the American economy • Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) was created to regulate the stock market & prevent another stock market crash

  17. New Deal: Reforms • To help restore public confidence in banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created • Provided insurance on individual bank accounts with deposits up to $5000 • Insuring there is money these accounts (up to $250,000 as of 2006)

  18. New Deal: Recovery • New Deal programs tried to stimulate the economy & end the depression • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) tried to help farmers by paying them not to produce • By lowering supply, the government hoped to increase crop prices

  19. Unemployment in America, 1929-1942 The New Deal began in 1933, but by 1935 the Great Depression had not yet come to an end

  20. Group Fireside Chat • In groups, examine the following information on your assigned New Deal program. • Write a 1-2 minute “fireside chat” identifying the problems that this program was intended to address and giving a brief overview of the plan. • Make sure that you DO NOT mention the name of your program in your “chat.” • Once finished turn in your chat to have approved by me! • Every group will present their chat to the class

  21. Essential Question/SSUSH 18B • Explain the passage of the Social Security Act as part of the second New Deal

  22. FDR’s Second New Deal • In 1935, FDR launched the Second New Deal • The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was the biggest New Deal program • Created 10 million jobs in a variety of professions & cost the gov’t $10 billion

  23. FDR’s Second New Deal • Social Security was America’s 1st welfare program in 1935 • Provided old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to the disabled that was funded by employers & workers • The original version included: agricultural workers, teachers, domestic help, and children • As a result, the act excluded many Blacks and women

  24. FDR’s Second New Deal • The Wagner Act: • Protected workers right to strike & collectively bargain • Outlawed unfair practices used by companies to discourage union membership

  25. The First New Deal video

  26. Essential Question/SSUSH 18C/D • Analyze political challenges to Roosevelt’s leadership and New Deal Programs • Examine how Eleanor Roosevelt changed the role of the First Lady including development of New Deal programs to aid those in need

  27. FDR’s Critics • During his 12-year presidency, FDR faced many challenges to his leadership and had many critics • His main opponents mainly came from the political spectrum • Conservatives thought that FDR made the government too large and powerful and that some aspects of the New Deal did not respect the rights of individuals and property

  28. FDR’s Critics • The failure of the New Deal to end the depression led to frustration & criticism of FDR’s programs: • The most vocal critic was Louisiana Senator Huey Long • Long’s Share the Wealth plan suggested taxing all personal income over $1 million to give each family $2,500 per year

  29. Share Our Wealth • The plan would guarantee a household income for each family in the US, which would be paid for by high taxes on the wealthiest Americans • Any American with a personal income over $1 million would be taxed and $2,500 would be given to each family per year

  30. Huey Long

  31. Court Packing • The Supreme Court declared 2 recovery programs unconstitutional: • National Industrial Recovery Act: guarantee fair wages and hours to workers • Agricultural Adjustment Act: grant farmers subsidies to cut their production • These two programs were seen as federal overreach into the operations of private businesses

  32. Court-Packing • The Supreme Court was composed of nine men and they were all conservative over 60 years of age • FDR’s solution was called court-packing: • He wanted to increase the number of justices from 9 to 15 • The intent of the plan was adding a judge to the Supreme Court for every justice who refused to retire after the age of 70 and these other men would uphold the New Deal programs • Congress rejected his radical plan

  33. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs had a significant impact on American history: • Political Impact: FDR rejected conservative policies & began a new era of unprecedented gov’t activism to solve America’s problems

  34. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • FDR gave citizens hope by using active gov’t programs, fireside chats, & decisive leadership • The New Deal was the 1st attempt by the gov’t to take responsibility for the economy & welfare of the American people • FDR introduced deficit spending &welfareprogramsforthe1sttime • FDR’s leadership unified a new voting coalition for the Democratic Party made up of unions, African Americans, immigrants, & poor voters

  35. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs had a significant impact on American history: • Economic Impact: The New Deal helped relieve unemployment & provided long-term economic reforms, but it failed to end the Great Depression

  36. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • Economic Impact: • The New Deal relieved farmers (AAA), unions (Wagner Act), the unemployed (CCC, WPA) • The stock market (SEC) & banks (FDIC) were stabilized • But, the economy was not stimulated, unemployment remained high, & wealth was still unevenly divided

  37. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs had a significant impact on American history: • Social Impact: The New Deal helped some, but women & African Americans did not receive equal treatment

  38. The Impact of FDR’s New Deal • Social Impact: • The New Deal offered help to groups of Americans in need like the elderly, single mothers, & disabled citizens • First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned to help minority groups & spoke out against racism in America

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