Sustainable Engineering

1. Sustainable Engineering Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

2. Air Pollution • Atmosphere thickness- 64 Kms • Atmosphere consists of 5 layers • Troposphere- 6 to 20 Km • Stratosphere – 50 km • Mesosphere – 85 Km • Thermosphere- 690 Km • Exosphere – 10000 Km. • WHO says 2.4 million people die anually. • 6.2 lacks are indians. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

3. Sources of Air pollution • Motor vehicle exhaust • Power stations • Demolition buildings • Road construction • Industry • Volcanic eruptions • Forest fires Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

4. Effects of air pollution • On Health • Eye irritation • Nose & throat irritation • Increase in mortality rate & morbility rate. • Chronic pulmonary diseases...asthma,bronchitis • Carbon monoxide redily comines with heamoglobin in blood thus replacing oxygen from blood. • Carcinogenic agents cause cancer. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

5. On plants & animals. • Suppressed growth & premature ageing on plants • Leaf bleaching. • Acid deposition can damage aquatic life • Respiratory problems in animals. • On environment • Reduces visibility due to smog formation • Acid deposition can corrode metals • Discolour bulidings,cloth fabrics. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

6. Control measures • Determine the priority of air pollutants- based on health effect. • Perodic air quality monitoring • Adoption of stringent pollution control measures. • Reduction in the use of conventional fuels. • Promotion of use of renewable energy sources. • Afforestation programmes. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

7. Classification Of Air Pollution • Gaseous Pollutants • Particulate Pollutants. • 1. Primary air pollutants- emitted directly from identifiable sources. • Eg; halogen compounds, • Sulphur compounds. • Oxides of nitrogen. • 2. Secondary Air pollutants- produced as a result of two or more primary pollutants. • Eg: Ozone, Formadehyde,Acidmists. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

8. CO pollution- • Colourless ,odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete cumbustion • CO2- • form of smoke,by burning of various fuels. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

9. How to control • Catalystic converters for emissions from automobiles. • Tall stacks for chimneys • Zoning- making buffer zone. • Growing more trees. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

10. Water Pollution. • 70% of earth surface • But 97 % is salty. • Last Century... • Human population 3 times. • Global water withdrawal has increased 7 times. • Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4 times. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

11. Signs of water pollution • Offensive odours from rivers • Oily & greasy material floating on surfaces of water pollution. • Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds. • Bad taste of drinking water. • Decrease of aquatic life in fresh water bodies. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

12. Natural sources of water pollution. • Rain water • Atmosphere • Surrounding water • Underground rocks & volcanoes • Natural run-off.. • Domestic wastewater • Agricultural runoff ( Nitrogen , phosphate,organic matter,pesticides). • Industrial effluent- 400 billion tons of industrial waste.. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

13. Water pollutants & its effects • Inorganic salts- nitrates, phosphates etc.. • makes water hard.. • Acids/Alkalies- eye irritation to swimmers, if ph value below 5, fish population zero. Organic matter Suspended solids- Floating matter- Domestic waste & sewage- Industrial waste. Oils Bacteria Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

14. Thermal discharges-( Nuclear plant,..industrial waste..) Colouring Materials- ( textile industry,paper mills.) Toxic Chemicals-( cyanides,sulphides) Micro-organisms-( food processing industries, domestic sector...) • Radioactive materials • Form producing matter.. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

15. Sustainable wastewater treatment • Global population by 2050- Nine billion • Various units in waste water treatment • Step 1Treatment • large floating matter rags, sticks etc... Are removed • Step 2. treatment- • settleable solids are removed. • Step3. treatment- • dissolved pollutants are biologically degraded with help of micro organisms • Step 4.Advanced- • additional treatment needed to remove impurities which remains after secondary treatment. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

16. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

17. Aeration – Pumps air into tank ,creates microbial growth. • Microbes feed on organic material. • Finally Flocs are formed. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

18. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

19. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

20. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

21. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

22. Control Of water Pollution. • Reduce waste at source. • Biodegradation , different toxic chemicals to non toxic chemicals by micro organisms • Chemical treatment • Electro dialysis, ion exchange. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

23. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment • 1. Operational Sustainability • PublicHealth- the system should remove the microbes in a consistant manner. • Structural Integrity- manage the peak loads of Waste water. • 2.Environmental Sustainability • Pollution Mitigation- able to remove the pollutants as per the local standards. • Nutrients from waste water should be effectively used. • 3. EconomicSustainability- • Affordable Technology. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

24. Options of waste removal • Primary treatment-( 50-60%) of total suspended solids • Secondary treatment- • 1. Remove bulk of organic content from waste Water. • Advantages- Reduce power consumption & carbon footprint. • Decrease inert secondary sludge in landfills. • Increases plant capacity & decrease running cost • 2. Wetlands & lagoons- shallow ponds where heavy metels are removed, then bacteria & algae perform purification. • 3. Anaerobic Digestion- Anaerobic Bacteria degrade organic materials in the absence of Oxygen & produce methane ( Energy Source). • Soil Aquifer Treatment- partially purified water allowed to pass through different layers of soil to groundwater . Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

25. Solid Waste • Since human civilization we are generating waste. • Sources • Household waste • Industrial waste • Biomedical & hospital waste • Hazardous waste • Municipal solid waste Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

26. Impacts of solid waste • Ground & surface water pollution. • Air pollution due to bad odour • Green house gases like carbon di oxide, methane. • Increase in acidity of soil • Diseases & epidemics • Health related problems • Depletion of natural resources. • Economic loss • Environmental degradation. • Impact of solid waste on water environment. • Impact of solid waste on air. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

27. Solid Waste management • 1.Collection: Segregation of materials at the point of collection . • 2.Processing: Separated materials are processed according the nature of materials for disposal. • ( some wastes can be recycled)- iron, aluminium, lead, tin… • 3. Disposal: placing of solid waste at the final resting place. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

28. Methods of Waste Disposal • Open Dumping- Health hazard • Sanitary land fill- low lying area is selected. • Incineration- burning of solid waste in furnaces • Pulverization- pulverised in machines for changing physical character & reducing volume • Compositing- organic materials are decomposed & converted into minerals • Pyrolysis- waste is heated to 600-1000 Degree in low oxygen environment. • Disposal into the Sea->30 M at distance 16-20 Km Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

29. Zero waste concepts • 100% reuse & recycling rate coupled with recovery of all resources from waste materilas. • Zero waste seeks to • 1. Maximise recycling • 2. minimize waste • 3.Reduce consumption. • Key elements • Invest in community waste reduction & recovery systems. • Create more jobs locally. • Product redesign to make it nontoxic & reusable • Reduce subsidies to companies that uses non renewable resources. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

30. Benefits of zero waste management Saves money. Faster process Suports sustainability Improved material flows.( smaller quandity of materials & sends no materials to landfills). Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

31. 3 R Concept Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

32. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

33. Three R Concept of waste management. • Reduce , reuse, recycle. • Reduce- • Purchase minimum • Eg: Carry your own carry bags for shopping. • By using longlife products • Product design- reduce toxicity,volume..etc • Hire, share & Borrow • Waste minimization instruments- regulations & policies. • Resource optimization. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

34. Reuse-if you replace your computer ensure that the components are reused. • Recycle-item cannot be used sent back to industry to breakdown & use as a entirely new product of same type or different type. • Eg: Gases,newspaper,aluminium • Recycling of lead-acid batteries.( By law), 90%..reused. • Advantages- • Protects environment • Reduce energy consumption • Reduce pollution • Global warmning. • Conserves natural resources. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

35. Global Environmental issues • Resource degradation • Human life based on ecological balance • Human activities resulted in over exploitation. • Almost 50 % of resource extraction takes place in asia. • North america 20% • Europe & latin america 13%. • Total resource extraction 50 % increase in Last 30 Years. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

36. Resources are classified into two. • 1. Natural resources • ( atmosphere,water,land,soil..etc) • 2. Human resources. • Types of natural resources • 1.Exhaustible ( non renewable): • Eg: forest , land, coal , petroleum..etc ( Finite in quandity) • 2.Inexhaustable ( renewable): • Sunlight, plants,animals...etc... • “ The depletion of natural resources is called resorce degradation”. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

37. Eamples.. • Degradation of forest,water,minerals,food resources,energy resources,land resources... • Main causes of deforestation. • Population explotion,agriculture,poverty,mining,forest fires,developmental projects. • Bad effects: • Soil erosion,food insecurity,global warming... Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

38. Water: • we already covered... • Degradation of mineral resoures.. • Landscape destruction, soil erosion,pollution,accidents,rehabilitation issues,employement. • Degradation of food resources • Undernourishment is the major issue • Major agricultural problems.. • Fertilizers,pesticides,salinity. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

39. Degradation of energy regources: • Industrial resources,urbanisation,population explotion. • Unemployment.. • Poverty. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

40. Degradation of land resources: • Landslides • Soil erosion, • Desertification( irreversible decline in the biological potential of land). • Ie: soil losses its fertility etc.. • Solution • Adopt sustainable agricultural practices • Use eco friendly products • Sustainable water tratment • Promote afforastation programmes. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

41. Global warming Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

42. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

43. Ideal value of Carbon di oxide- 350 ppm • Four levels of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere frame our choice. • 280 ppm (Pre-indiustrial): The pre-industrial concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in the 1750-1850 timeframe was about 280 ppm (parts per million). • 400 ppm (Today): Between the start of the industrial revolution and May 2013, human activity increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere to 400 ppm. These elevated carbon dioxide concentrations have already increased the average global temperature above pre-industrial levels by 0.85°C.  • 450 ppm (High risk): we have a 50% chance of stabilizing the average global temperature at a 2°C increase over the pre-industrial period if we keep concentrations of CO2 under 450 ppm Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

44. At our current rate of fossil fuel usage in the global economy, we will exceed that limit by2034. • 350 ppm (Safe): • associated with 2°C global warming, would spur “slow” feedbacks and eventual warming of 3–4°C with disastrous consequences.  • Target of 350 ppm as the maximum safe concentration of CO2 concentration, which would stabilize the global temperature at 1°C above pre-industrial levels and avoid runaway climate destabilization. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

45. Climate change • Global warming: • is the term used to describe the current increase in the Earth's average temperature • Cimate Change: • changes in wind, precipitation, the length of seasons as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods. • Ocean , atmosphere & Land factors • Examples are.. • Solar output, earth sun geometry, interstellar dust. • Volcanic emissions • Mountain building • Continental drift • Atmosplere ocean heat exchange • Atmosphere chemistry Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

46. Causes of climate change • Climate change is caused by global warming in weather. • Global warming: • is a combined result of emissions of green house gases & changes in solar irradience. • What are the natural causes ? • Climate change includes any change resulting from different factors, like deforestation or an increase in greenhouse gases Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

47. 1. Continental drift: • 225 million years ago earth was single large land mass. • Present earth is a result of drift. • Drift causes climate change. • Position of rivers • Eg: Himalayan range is rising by 1 mm every year • Reason : indian land mass moving towards asian land mass. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

48. 2.Variations in solar output. • Scientists predict that change in solar output 1 % per century alter the temparature of earth by 0.5 to 1 degree celcius. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

49. 3. Volcanos: • Of high magnitude can reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth surface.. • Lowering the temperatures in lower levels of atmosphere Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

50. 4. Earths tilt: • tilt from the sun is reason for seasons. • 23.5 degree to the perpendicular plane of orbital path. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL