The Cardiovascular System The Lymphatic System And Respiratory System

1. The Circulatory System The Cardiovascular System The Lymphatic System And Respiratory System The transfer of nutrients throughout our body

2. Hemo/a-:blood Anti-: against Erythros-: red Leukos-: white -cyte: cell -penia: poverty, not enough -osis: too many Thrombos-: clot -stasis: halt, stop Some Latin Prefixes & Suffixes You Should Know!

3. Blood… the fluid of the cardiovascular system • Provides to cells/tissues: • Nutrients • Oxygen (O2) • Hormones/enzymes • Removal of wastes • Special cells to protect against disease & infection (WBCs & antibodies) • Regulates: • pH & ion composition of cellular fluids • Clotting capabilities to restrict blood loss • Body temperature http://brucemhood.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/blood_cells.jpg

4. Composition of Blood Plasma Plasma proteins Water 92% Albumins • What kind of tissue is blood? • Connective Tissue • What makes blood fluid? • Plasma • What are the 3 “formed elements” of blood? • Platelets • White blood cells – leukocytes (WBCs) • Red blood cells - erythrocytes (RBCs) Plasma proteins 7% Globulins Other solutes 1% Fibrinogen Formed elements Regulatory proteins BLOOD Platelets Other solutes Electrolytes WBCs Organic nutrients Organic wastes Neutrophils Lymphocytes RBCs 99.9% Basophils Monocytes Eosinophils

5. RBCs – Most abundant Transport of O2 WBCs – Body’s defense mechanism against disease & infection Platelets– Contain enzymes important for clotting Formed elements made through hematopoiesis Blood… Temperature = ~38°C (100.4°F) 5x more viscous than water Slightly alkaline; pH 7.35-7.45 Adult male = 5-6 L Adult female = 4-5 L Fun Facts about BLOOD Functions of Blood components

6. Structure & Function of RBCs • Each RBC has ~280 million Hb molecules • Hemoglobin (Hb) molecule responsible for transporting O2 & CO2 to & away from tissues • Single pigment molecule of heme • Iron (Fe) ion that interacts with O2 molecule = oxyhemoglobin • Bright red • Fe not bound to O2 = deoxyhemoglobin • Dark red/burgundy

7. Human Tetris

8. Antigens – • Your Blood type surface antigens (A, B & Rh) • Rh antigen (Rh factor) • Rhesus Protein • Plasma contains antibodies that will attack antigens on “foreign” RBCs • Causes agglutination (clumping together of RBCs) & hemolysis (breaking apart of RBCs) = cross-reaction • Blood type determined by presence or absence of surface antigens • Type A (~40%) • Antigen A present • Anti-B antibodies • Type B (~10%) • Antigen B present • Anti-A antibodies Type AB (~4%) = universal recipients Both Antigens A & B present Type O (~46%) = universal donors Neither Antigens A & B present Both Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies

9. Blood Types Make sure you understand the genotypes and the Rhesus Factor for all the bloodtypes.

10. Lecture on Bloodtypes

11. Conditions associated with Blood • Anemia • Shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin • Affects delivery of O2 to tissues • Can result in heart palpitations & failure • Sickle cell anemia • Hemoglobin disorder caused by abnormally shaped RBCs • Thalassemia • Inherited disorder resulting in mutation of hemoglobin gene • Bone marrow transplants & blood transfusions are methods used to combat the disorder • Jaundice • Yellowish-brownish staining of skin & sclerae (whites of eyes) caused by high levels of chemical called bilirubin in blood • Bilirubin is a waste product that comes from old, destroyed RBCs & is removed from blood by liver (eliminated in the feces, giving it its brown color) Normal RBCs Sickle cell RBCs

12. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) • Structure – • No hemoglobin • Functions – • Defend body against pathogens • Remove toxins, waste & damaged cells • Location & Movement – • Most WBCs in body in CTP or lympathic organs • Circulating WBCs only small fraction of total population • Use bloodstream as mode of transportation to area of infection/injury http://www.lymphomation.org/images/leukocytes-normal.gif Did You Know? RBCs outnumber WBCs by a ratio of 1000:1!

13. Conditions associated with WBCs Leukopenia – • Inadequate number of WBCs Leukocytosis – • Excessive number of WBCs Leukemia – • Cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal production of WBCs

14. Platelets (aka – thrombocytes) Functions: Cell fragments that play major role in clotting system Release chemicals important to clotting process Formation of temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels Active contraction after clot has formed Continuously removed & replaced every 9-12 days by phagocytes in spleen

15. Hemostasis • Hemostasis – stopping of bleeding through damaged vessels (clotting) • 3 Phases: • Vascular Phase – • Local blood vessels constrict to stop loss of blood – “vascular spasm” • Lasts ~30 mins. • PlateletPhase – • Platelets activate, aggragate (clump together) & stick to damaged surface to form “platelet plug” • Release ADP, thromboxane A2, serotonin, clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factors, Ca2+ ions • Begins within ~15 secs. • Coagulation Phase – • Begins 30 secs. or more after injury • Conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble protein fibrin • Clot retraction: platelets contract & pull torn edges of vessel closer • Fibrinolysis: clot dissolves

16. Blood Detectives video & questionnaire What can blood tell us about ourselves? How is blood used in diagnosing diseases or disorders? What kinds of conditions are associated with the blood? As you watch the Blood Detectives video, fill in your questionnaire about each patient & their condition.

17. Organization of Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary Circuit – blood vessels that carry blood to and from alveoli of lungs • Systemic Circuit – transports blood to and from rest of body

18. Blood Flow • Blood flows from heart through arteries and arteriolesto capillaries • Blood flows from capillaries to heart through venulesand veins QUESTION: Why are arteries represented in red and veins represented In blue? ANSWER: Arteries carry oxygen- rich blood from heart, while veins carry oxygen-deficient blood back to heart. ***NOTE: ALL BLOOD IS RED!!! Oxygenated blood is brighter red!

19. The Heart • Beats approximately 100,000 times/day, pumping 8,000 liters of blood • SA Node is the pacemaker of the heart to allow it to pump • Approximately the size of clenched fist • Made up of 4 muscular chambers – Rt/Lt Atria & Rt/Lt Ventricles

20. Path of Blood Through Body 1st Coloring of Deoxyenated Blood • Right Atrium receives blood from Superior and Inferior Vena Cava • SVC – opens into posterior/superior portion of right atrium, delivering blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest • IVC – posterior/inferior delivers blood from rest of trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

21. Path of Blood Through Body 2nd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood • Blood travels to Right Ventricle from Right Atrium through tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)

22. Path of Blood Through Body 3rd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood • Blood then passes into pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve • Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonaryarteries • These arteries branch into capillaries in lungs, where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves

23. Path of Blood Through Body 1st Coloring of Oxygenated Blood • Blood travels from lungs through right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium • From the Left Atrium it passes through the mitral valve (Left AV valve or bicuspid valve) into the Left Ventricle

24. Path of Blood Through Body 2nd Coloring of Oxygenated Blood • Left ventricle is much larger than right ventricle because it needs to build enough pressure to push blood through systemic circuit • Blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve into ascending aorta • From ascending aorta it goes into aortic arch, and serves upper body by passing into the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, the left subclavian artery, and down the descending aorta

25. Heart Walls • Epicardium – covers the outer surface of the heart • Myocardium – muscle wall of the heart (forms both atria and ventricles) that contains blood vessels and nerves • Endocardium – inner surface of heart, including the heart valves

26. Internal/External Anatomy of Heart APEX • Interatrial septum – wall between atria • Interventricular septum – thicker wall between ventricles

27. Blood Supply to Heart • Myocardium (cardiac muscle) needs its own constant supply of oxygen-rich blood • The left and right coronary arteries originate at base of ascending aorta • Blood pressure here is highest in all of systemic circuit

28. LABEL YOUR WORKSHEET

29. Heart Failure • ~5 million Americans have heart failure & prevalence of heart failure approximately DOUBLES with each decade of life • Heart failure – • Damage to heart causes weakening of the cardiovascular system • Caused by fluid congestion or inadequate blood flow to tissues. • Heart failure may result from one or many causes • Affects circulation, lungs, neuroendocrine system & other organs • Psychological & social impacts

30. Heart Failure Classifications • Right Heart Failure - Inability of R side to adequately pump venous blood into pulmonary circulation • Left Heart Failure – Inability of L side to pump into systemic circulation • Forward Heart Failure - Inability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate to meet O2 demands of body at rest or during exercise

31. Heart Failure Classifications Cont…. • Backward Heart Failure - Ability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate ONLY when heart filling pressures are abnormally high. • Congestive Heart Failure - Fluid in lungs or body, resulting from inadequate pumping from heart and high heart filling and venous pressures