ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

1. International workshop “upgrading life in historictowns – sustainableenergyoctober 3-4dubrovniksession on fortifiedheritage and sustainableenergy ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES MARCO ACRI Marco.acri@ung.si UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA – ETCAEH PROGRAM MARCO POLO SYSTEM GEIE

2. WHAT DOES IT MEAN “GREEN SOLUTIONS” • IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES • ADOPTION OF SOLUTION TO REDUCE POLLUTION, NOT FORCELY THE USE OF ENERGY • ATTENTION TO THE CONCEPT OF MINIMAL (OR EVEN 0) INTERVENTION IN RESTORATION • USE OF LOCAL MATERIALS, 0KM • BETTER MANAGEMENT OF THE SITE WITH INTEGRATED AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL USES • REDUCING MAINTENANCE WORKS – PREVENTIVE SOLUTIONS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

3. FortifiedheritagE 3 MAIN TYPES • WALLED TOWNS AND CITADELLES • CASTLES • DEFENSE SYSTEMS MADE OF FORTS, BUNKERS, ETC. ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

4. FORTIFIED TOWNS AND CITADELLES • FORTIFIED TOWNS ARE SETTLEMENTS DATING BACK TO EARLY AGES AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS HISTORIC CITIES • CITADELLES WERE MADE TO PRESERVE TOWNS AND WERE STRICTLY RELATED TO THEM IN AN URBAN CONTEXT THE APPROACH FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOLLOWS THE ONE OF HISTORIC TOWNS THAT HAVE BEEN LIVED FOR CENTURIES ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

5. CASTLES • CASTLES DATE BACK TO THE EARLY AGES AND ARE OFTEN CHARACTERISED BY FRAGILES ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGIES • THE RESTORATION AND RE-USE OF CASTLES FACES THE CHALLENGE OF INTERVENING ON MONUMENTS, THUS INVOLVING STRICT BONDS IMPLEMENTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS COULD BE IMPEDED BY THE HISTORIC AND ARTISTIC VALUE OF THE PLACE ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

6. FORTIFIED SYSTEMS AND FORTS • THEIR ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ARE RELEVANT BUT NOT UNIQUE • THEIR STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ARE OFTEN POOR • THEIR EVALUATION BY PRESENT SOCIETIES IS NOT YET HIGH • THEY ARE ABANDONED AND OFTEN IN ISOLATED AREAS • THEY ARE OFTEN EXCLUDED OR LACKING FROM USUAL BASIC SERVICES (ELECTRICITY, WATER, GAS, ETC.) IMPLEMENTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS IS A MUST AND THESE SITES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS PILOT SITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS SPECIFIC FIELD ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

7. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MATERIALS OF FORTS • SIMPLE BRICKWORK IN LOCAL STONE OR BRICKS – LOW ENERGY COST REPLACEMENT • ARCHES AND VAULTS TO SUSTAIN EARTH FILLING – RELATIVELY LOW MAINTENANCE NEED • SIMPLE WOODEN WINDOWS AND DOORS, WHEN STILL IN PLACE – EASY AND LOW COST MAINTENANCE • SIMPLE WOODEN, CONCRETE, BRICK AND STONE MADE PAVEMENTS – EASY MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT TO INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGIES • LIMITED DECORATIONS (ENTRANCE DOORS, COLUMNS, ETC.) – LESS IMPEDIMENTS IN INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES • OFTEN BARRACKS WITH THIN WALLS AND METALLIC ROOFS – EASY REPLACEMENT/RESTORATION WITH BETTER INSULATION THERE IS A CERTAIN FLEXIBILITY WITHIN THE RESTORATION THEORY, ESPECIALLY IN THE SUBSTITUTION OF DETERIORATED MATERIALS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

8. LOW ATTACHMENT BY PRESENT SOCIETIES AND LACK OF RESOURCES MADE THEM ABANDONED • LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES • RAPID ABANDONEMENT BY THE ARMY DURING THE END OF 19° CENTURY • DIFFICULTY IN DEFINING THEIR RE-USE • DISTANCE FROM URBAN CENTERS AND LACK OF ACCESSIBILITY • HIGH COSTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION • DIFFERENT SENSITIVENESS BY DIFFERENT GENERATIONS THESE PROBLEMS AND WEAKNESSES COULD BE TURNED INTO STRENGHTS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

9. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND OPPORTUNITIES • FORTIFICATION WERE CONCEIVED TO BE ALMOST AUTONOMOUS – ENERGY WAS OFTEN INTERNALLY PRODUCED • VEGETATION WAS ALSO PRESENT TO FEED THE FORT – POSSIBILITY TO RE-ESTABLISH ORIGINAL OR SIMILAR PLANTATIONS • FORTIFICATION SUFFERS OF HIGH DEGREES OF POLLUTION – NEED OF REGENERATION • THE SHOOTING RANGE WAS KEEPING BIG LANDS FREE OF CONSTRUCTIONS – LANDSCAPE PRESERVATION • THE LIFE IN THE FORT WAS HARDER – REVISION OF THE COMFORT CRITERIA • ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE GOOD CLIMATE CONDITIONS FLEXIBLE RESTORATION AND RE-USE, AS WELL AS THE POTENTIALITIES TO ADOPT AND TEST NEW SOLUTIONS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

10. ENERGY SAVING- INSULATION REDUCING THE WASTE OF ENERGY • INSULATING THE WALLS • INSULATING THE ROOF • IMPROVING THE RESISTENCE OF WINDOWS (KEEPING THE ORIGINAL WOODEN OR METALLIC FRAME) • INSULATING THE PAVEMENTS (OFTEN POSSIBLE) OR ADDING A WOODEN LAYER • INSULATING (THERMIC) PLASTERS THESE ARE BASIC PRINCIPLES, POSSIBLE AND LOW COST ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

11. ENERGY PRODUCTION – FOTOVOLTAIC AND SOLAR STRENGHTS • PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY FOR MULTIPLE USES • PRODUCTION OF HOT/WARM WATER FOR MULTIPLE USES • EASY, CHEAP AND REVERSIBLE WEAKNESSES • OFTEN FORBIDDEN IN HERITAGE SITES DUE TO THEIR IMPACT ON THE VISUAL INTEGRITY AND LANDSCAPE THESE SOLUTIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED EVEN TEMPORARILY TO AVOID OUTDATED INTRODUCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURES ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

12. ENERGY PRODUCTION – BIOMASS Fort Bakkerskil STRENGHTS • AVAILABILITY OF PRIMARY RESOURCES IN THE FORTS AND OUTSIDE • FLEXIBILITY IN THE USE (WHEN NEEDED) • EASY STOCK OF PRIMARY RESOURCES WEAKNESSES • THE STOCK OF RESOURCES IS VISIBLE AND SPACE CONSUMING • HIGHER COSTS? THERE ARE SUCCESFUL EXAMPLE OF UTILISATION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY. IT IS SUGGESTED IN FORTIFICATIONS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

13. ENERGY PRODUCTION –THERMIC Fort Vuren STRENGHTS • HUGE EMPTY SPACES IN FORTIFICATIONS • ALMOST NO MAINTENANCE • ANY BUILDING IN THE FORTIFICATION COULD BE ALMOST AUTONOMOUS • GOOD COOLING SYSTEM – STABLE CLIMATE • DIGGING IS AN OCCASION TO DEPOLLUTE THE SOIL WEAKNESSES • TO BE MATCHED WITH OTHER ENERGY PROVISIONS (FOTOVOLTAIC, THE NET, ETC.) • HIGHER COSTS? THIS SYSTEM IS IN USE IN FORT VUREN SUCCESFULLY. FORTIFICATIONS CAN OFFER WIDE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL POSITIONING ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

14. ENERGY DISTRIBUTION STRENGHTS • LOW COST SOLUTION AND PRETTY ADAPTABLE TO FORTIFICATIONS’ STRUCTURES (ESPECIALLY THE PAVEMENT SINCE PAVEMENT ARE VERY POOR AND ALWAY NEED RENEWALS • ALMOST NO MAINTENANCE • PARTIALLY REVERSIBLE • GOOD COOLING SYSTEM – STABLE CLIMATE WEAKNESSES • PARTIALLY REVERSIBLE • SUSTAINABLE (RECICLYNG..?) THERE ARE SUCCESFUL EXAMPLE OF UTILISATION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY. IT IS SUGGESTED IN FORTIFICATIONS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

15. SEWAGE AND MAINTENANCE: PHYTODEPURATION STRENGHTS • REGENERATION OF THE SOIL AND NO NEED TO COLLECT TO THE CENTRAL SEWAGE SYSTEM • ALMOST NO MAINTENANCE • TO BE COMBINED WITH LANDSCAPING PROJECT TO REDUCE MAINTENANCE (NO MOWING…) • POTENTIALLY GOOD FOR THE FORTIFICATION SURROUNDED BY WATER CANALS WEAKNESSES • HIGH INITIAL COSTS THERE ARE SUCCESFUL EXAMPLE OF UTILISATION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA. IT IS SUGGESTED IN FORTIFICATIONS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

16. INTEGRATION OF USES: PROPER MANAGEMENT THESE SOLUTIONS ARE SUGGESTED FOR FORTIFIED SITES CONSIDERING THE COMMON NEED OF COMPLETE REGENERATION AND REUSE. THE SUCCESS IS ALSO DEPENDENT ON THE RE-USE OF THE FORTIFIED SITE AND ITS OBJECTS, TO BE IN LINE WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDINGS AND WITH ITS OVERALL ENERGETIC NEED. THE USE DESTINATION DETERMINE THE CLIMATE NEEDED. MUSEUMS HAVE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS, RESTAURANTS HAVE OTHERS. PROXIMITY OF COMPLEMENTARY USES SHOULD ALSO BE CONSIDERED ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

17. THE REGENERATION OF FORTE MARGHERA FORTE MARGHERA IS LOCATED AT THE ENTRANCE OF VENICE IN THE POLLUTED AREA OF THE FORMER CHIMIC INDUSTRY. ITS REGENERATION DEPENDS ON THE PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS, AS WELL AS ON THE ADOPTION OF DEPOLLUTING TECNIQUES. GREEN SOLUTIONS ARE UNDER EXAMINATION AND COULD BE EXPERIMENTED SOON IN DIFFERENT FORMS ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES

18. THE REGENERATION OF FORTE MARGHERA ADOPTING GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR THE RE-USE OF FORTIFIED SITES