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Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron

Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron. Basic Tasks of the Nervous System. Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments. Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information.

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Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron

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  1. Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron

  2. Basic Tasks of the Nervous System Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments. Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information. Motor output: If necessary, signal effector organs to make an appropriate response.

  3. The brain The spinal cord The nerves The senses Nervous System A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of:

  4. Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

  5. Nerves Sense organs Outer Nervous System The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs.

  6. Many vertebrate peripheral neurons have an insulating sheath around the axon called myelin which is formed by Schwann cells. Myelinated Neurons • Myelin sheathing allows these neurons to conduct nerve impulses faster than in non-myelinated neurons.

  7. What is An Action Potential?

  8. Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons Myelin sheathing has bare patches of axon called nodes of Ranvier Action potentials jump from node to node Fig. 48.11

  9. How does a signal move from one neuron to another? • A synape divides 2 neurons • The action potential will not move across the synape • Neuro transmitters • Released by the signal cell to the receiver cell • Move by diffusion

  10. Detail of Axon Terminal

  11. Transmission Across the Synapse Source: Gray

  12. A chemical synapse

  13. Detail of the Synapse Itself Neurotransmitter molecules (e.g., Acetylcholine or Dopamine) Postsynaptic membrane

  14. Review the Synapse • What is a synapse? • A synapse is the “gap” between the axon of one nerve and the dendrite of the next one. • The average neuron has 1,000 synapses with other neurons.

  15. Neurotransmitters • There are dozens of different neurotransmitters (NT) in the neurons of the body. • NTs can be either excitatory or inhibitory • Each neuron generally synthesizes and releases a single type of neurotransmitter • The major neurotransmitters are indicated on the next slide.

  16. Major Neurotransmitters in the Body NIH Publication No. 00-4871

  17. Examples of chemical neurotransmitters found in synapse • Acetylcholine: neuromuscular junctions, glands, brain and spinal cord • Norepinepherine: affects brain regions concerned with emotions, dreaming

  18. The Brain On Drugs • http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/science/html/animations.html

  19. Higher Brain function Spatial Vision Speech, memory, hearing Motor control-Posture & equilibrium Autonomic Functions: breathing, heartbeat, respiration, etc,

  20. Put It all Together • Stimulus- temperature/pressure on skin light- sound- eyes and ears correct shape molecule taste buds /nose • Action Potential proagates along axon • Neurotransmitter released into synapse - New action potential begins in adjoining nerve or muscle cell

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