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The Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Republic of China (Taiwan). Republic of China 1912. First republic in Asia First president: Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925). ROC Constitution (1946). First constitutional president (1948 - 1975): Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975) Defeated by CCP in 1949 Retreated to Taiwan

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The Republic of China (Taiwan)

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  1. The Republic of China (Taiwan)

  2. Republic of China 1912 • First republic in Asia • First president: Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925)

  3. ROC Constitution (1946) • First constitutional president (1948 - 1975): Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975) • Defeated by CCP in 1949 • Retreated to Taiwan • Authoritarian rule for a quarter century

  4. ROC Government • President (4-year term after 1996) • The Five ``Yuan”: • Executive Yuan • Legislative Yuan • Judicial Yuan • Examination Yuan • Control Yuan • 2 Provinces and 18 counties

  5. Taiwan before 1949 • Immigration from mainland China for centuries (Fujian and Hakka) • 1885, Qing government promoted Taiwan from prefecture to province • 1895, ceded to Japan • 1945, returned to Republic of China • ``Taiwanese” versus ``mainlanders” • Fujian 70%, Hakka 15%, ``mainlanders” 13%

  6. Taiwan & Islands • Area: 13,900 square miles • Population: 23 million

  7. Chiang Kai-shek’s Rule • Popular elections at the basic level • Land reform • 9-year compulsory education • Economic take-off from 1960s • Export processing zones attract foreign direct investment • Industrialization strengthens manufacturing sector

  8. Chiang’s One-China Policy • ``Mainland was temporarily usurped by communist bandits” • ``Gloriously retake the mainland” • Refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognized PRC • ROC was a permanent member of UN Security Council until 1971

  9. Lee Teng-hui (1923 - ) • Succeeded Chiang Kai-shek’s son as president of ROC and chairman of GMD in 1988 • Became the first popularly elected president of ROC in 1996 • Helped Democratic Progressive Party gain power in 2000

  10. Chen Shui-bian (1950 - ) • Leader of the pro-independent Democratic Progressive Party • President of ROC 2000-2008 • Prisoner #2630 since 2008-11-12

  11. Diplomatic Tug of War • 162 countries recognize PRC (Beijing) as the legitimate government of China • 8 (’49) 32 (’59) 49 (’69) 113 (’79) 129 (’89) • 29 countries recognize ROC (Taipei) as the legitimate government of China

  12. US Official Policy • US government shifted diplomatic recognition from ROC to PRC in 1979 • US congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in 1979 • American Institute in Taiwan • Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices in US

  13. Economic Ties • Trade and investment expanded rapidly despite restrictions by ROC government • Workaround: Hong Kong and Macau • ``Three links”: • mail, transportation, and trade • Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) was signed in 2010

  14. In 2012, Taiwan’s exports to Mainland China was $132 billion, and imports from Mainland China was $37 billion.

  15. Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR

  16. Land & People • 422 square miles • Hong Kong Island • Kowloon Peninsular • New Territories • Outlying islands • 7 million residents • 95% Chinese

  17. Brief History • HK Island was occupied by UK in 1841 • New Territories on 99-year lease in 1898 • Occupied by Japan during World War II • Shanghai enterprises fled CCP forces in late 1940s • industrialization of Hong Kong • One of the four ``Asian Tigers”

  18. Negotiations with UK • Deng Xiaoping: “1 country, 2 systems” • PRC Constitution of 1982: S.A.R. • PRC & UK Joint Declaration in 1984

  19. Handover to PRC • 7th National People’s Congress adopted Basic Law of HKSAR in Beijing in 1990 • Became Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC in July 1, 1997

  20. Basic Law of Hong Kong SAR • Stipulated in PRC-UK Joint Declaration in 1984 • Drafted by a committee with members from both Hong Kong and mainland • Adopted by 7th NPC in Beijing in 1990 • Came into effect on July 1, 1997 • Constitutional document for HKSAR

  21. 3 Principles in the Basic Law • ``One Country, Two Systems” • Capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years (B.L. A5) • ``High Degree of Autonomy” • ``Hong Kong People Running Hong Kong”

  22. ``One Country, Two Systems” • Legal system (British common law) shall be maintained, except for any law that contravene the Basic Law and subject to amendment by the legislature (B.L. A8)

  23. `` High Degree of Autonomy” • HKSAR enjoys executive, legislative, and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication (B.L. A2)

  24. ``HK People Running HK” • executive authorities and legislature shall be composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong (B.L. A3) • public servants must be permanent residents of Hong Kong, with some exceptions

  25. Central People’s Government • responsible for defense and foreign affairs relating to HKSAR (B.L. A13-14) • authorizes HKSAR to conduct relevant external affairs on its own (B.L. A13) • HKSAR shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order • 11 PRC laws apply to HK (B.L. A18)

  26. Rights and Freedoms • freedom of speech, of the press, of publication, of association, of assembly, of procession, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of religious belief, of marriage.. • the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike

  27. 3 Branches of Political Structure • Chief Executive • C. Y. Leung • Legislative Council • Court of Final Appeal

  28. S/election of CE & Legco • Shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the HKSAR and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress (B.L. A45 & A68) • The ultimate aim is the election of the Chief Executive and all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage (B.L. A45 & A68)

  29. S/election of Chief Executive • 800-member Election Committee • industrial, commercial, and financial sectors 1/4 • the professions 1/4 • labor, social services, religious, & other 1/4 • Legco, HK deputies to NPC, etc. 1/4 • C. Y. Leung (2012 - 2017) • no more than two consecutive terms

  30. S/election of 60-member Legco

  31. Since 1997 • Freedoms and rights substantially intact • dissident groups • Falun Gong • Judicial system remains the same • Weak executive and strong civil service • Lack of political skills • Multiple political parties

  32. Hong Kong’s Competitiveness • Geographic location • one of the best deep-water ports in the world • hardworking well-educated workforce • literacy rate 94%

  33. ``World’s Freest Economy” • exports and imports each (>US$400b) greater than GDP • GDP per capita: US$50,700 (PPP) • no VAT, sales tax, or capital gains tax • only 3 types of income are taxed: • profits, salaries, and property • but • 31% live in public housing

  34. Influence on Mainland China • US$400 billion direct investment each way • Hong Kong bodies of law and expertise • Hong Kong attracts talents from mainland • Hong Kong radios, TV, newspapers, magazines, and Internet on mainland

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