This week’s reading assignment

1. This week’s reading assignment • Copy the following on your orange reading calendar! • Ch. 2, pgs. 31-46 • Quiz THIS Friday, Nov. 30

2. Warm-up: Monday • On your warm-up sheet, complete the “Baby-O-Matic” and calculate how many kids you will have!

3. “Dot movie” – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaYc • Population time-line – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/numbers.html • Video: By the billion: http://www.prb.org/Multimedia/Video/2014/world-population-billions.aspx

4. Demography Studying Population

5. Objectives • Where do people live and why? • Why do populations rise and fall in particular places? • How does the geography of health influence population dynamics? • How do governments affect population change?

6. Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.–A.D. 1900 The ecumene, or the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

7. Population Distribution Areas that are sparsely inhabited- People generally avoid: • Dry lands (areas too dry for farming = 20 %) • Cold lands (permafrost!) • Wet lands (close to equator: rain + heat = nutrients depleted from the soil) • High lands (highest mtns. are steep and snow-covered)

8. Warm-up: TuesdayDo you know…Write your best guess. 1. What is the world population? 2. How many people live in the United States? 3. What is the population of Texas? 4. What is the population of San Antonio?

9. The Census • The census is a count of everyone living in the United States every 10 years. • The census is required by the U.S. Constitution. • The last census was in 2010. • Your participation in the census is required by law. • The first Census was conducted in 1790 and has been carried out every 10 years since then.

10. How do geographers study population? • Geographers use demography- statistical study of human populations

11. area Population Density • Arithmetic Population Density – the total number of people divided by the total land area (This measure is also called population density.) Arithmetic density enables geographers to make approximate comparisons of the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world. • There is no relationship between arithmetic density and standard of living. population people per square mile =

12. Arithmetic Population Density Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

13. 3,541,447 mi2 United States Population Density 319,030,322 90 people per square mile =

14. 366 people per square mile 3,705,407 mi2 9 people per square mile China vs. Canada for China: 1,355,692,576 = for Canada: 34,300,083 = 3,855,103 mi2

15. Physiologic Density • A more meaningful population measure is by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region. • The number of people supported by a unit of arable land is called the physiologic population density. • Comparing physiologic and arithmetic densities helps geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of people.

16. Physiologic Density Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.

17. Agriculture Density • Two countries can have similar physiological densities, but they may produce different amounts of food because of different economic conditions. Agriculture density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. • The Netherlands has a much higher physiological density than does India but a lower agriculture density. • Agriculture density is directly related to standard of living

18. Studying Population • Crude birth rate (CBR) – the number of births per 1,000 population • Crude death rate (CDR) – the number of deaths per 1,000 population • Natural Increase – the percentage by which a population grows in a year (Birth rate minus death rate) • Total fertility rate (TFR) - the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. • Infant mortality rate - the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. • Life expectancy at birth - the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

19. Population Reference Bureau (PRB) 2018 • http://www.worldpopdata.org/map • http://www.worldpopdata.org • https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018_WPDS.pdf

20. Critical Issues in Population Geography • More people are alive today than at any other time in human history. • The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before. • Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

21. World Population Growth, 1750–2150 Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9SutNmfFk&feature=BF&list=ULadYPZ59_AUc&index=1

22. Warm-up: Wednesday • Use the class set to answer the following questions: 1. Most Populous Countries: List one projected change that will take place by 2050. 2. Total Fertility Rates: Which countries have the highest and lowest fertility rates? 3. The World Population is Growing Older (Back): What is the shift in global population?

23. Demographic Transition Model • What is a model? • a representation of some phenomenon of the real world made in order to facilitate an understanding of its workings • a simplified and generalized version of real events, from which the incidental detail has been removed

24. Demographic Transition Model • When using this model, what is not considered when looking at population growth?

25. Draw this on the white board. Using the model, describe what is happening for each category in each stage.

26. Stages 1 and 2 Improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation. Fewer children die.

27. Stages 3, 4, 5

28. Demographic Transition Model: The 5-stage version

29. Stage 1: High Stationary • Applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution • Both birth rates and death rates are high • As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.

30. Stage 1 • Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model is considered the pre-industrial stage, or pre-transition, and today no countries are classified within Stage 1 of the DTM. This is quite a feat given that for all of human history up until the 18th Century, all countries were considered within Stage 1.

31. Stage 2: Early Expanding • The introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. • Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.

32. Stage 3: Late Expanding • Birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. • Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. • Most developing countries are in Stage 3.

33. Stage 4: Low Stationary • Birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. • These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. • Most developed countries are in Stage 4.

34. Stage 5: Declining • Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.

35. Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model • Like any model, there will be outliers and exceptions to the rule and the Demographic Transition Model is no different. Additionally, there are things the DTM cannot reveal: the impact of other demographic variables such as migration, are not considered, nor does the model predict how long a country will be in each stage. But even so, the relationship between birth rate and death rate is an important concept when discussing population and any patterns, such as those provided by the DTM, that aid in understanding are helpful.

36. Let’s look at a few countries … • Sketch the Demographic Transition Model on the white board. Then use the stats to put a dot where each country lies. • US • Crude Birth Rate: 12.49 • Crude Death Rate: 8.15

37. Japan CBR: 7.93 CDR: 9.51 Saudi Arabia CBR: 18.51 CDR: 3.33 • Germany • CBR: 8.47 • CDR: 11.42 • Nigeria • CBR: 37.64 • CDR: 12.9 • Papua New Guinea • CBR: 24.38 • CDR: 6.53

38. Warm-up: Thursday • Make 2 observations from this graph. Population in Billions

39. Epidemiology: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Epidemiologic Transition Model

40. Vocab • Infectious diseases – caused by organisms • Pandemic – an outbreak of disease that spreads worldwide • Epidemic – regional outbreak of a disease • Endemic – disease that is particular to a locality or region • Chronic diseases – aka degenerative; long-lasting diseases that are now more common due to longer life expectancies

41. Sketch out the Demographic Transition on your notes • ONLY DRAW IN THE LINE FOR DEATH RATE

42. Epidemiologic Transition – Stage 1 • Stage 1: Pestilence and famine • Infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of death • Ex - Black Plague • Thomas Malthus called these “natural checks” on the growth of human population

43. Epidemiologic Transition – Stage 2 • Stage 2: Receding pandemics • Ex – Mapping Cholera in London – 1854 By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the waterborne epidemic.

44. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 3: Degenerative diseases • Degenerative and human created diseases • Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in disorders associated with aging • Heart disease and cancer

45. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases • Heart diseases and cancer • Life is extended through medical advances

46. Epidemiologic Transition • Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases? • Three reasons why it might be happening: • Evolution – immunity to antibiotics • Poverty – disease such as tuberculosis still cause many deaths in LDCs • Improved travel – leads to disease diffusion (Ebola, Zika)

47. Warm-up: Friday • What do the #’s on the bottom show? • What do the #’s in the middle show? • Make one observation from this pyramid.

48. Population Pyramids • https://populationeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Power-of-the-Pyramids.pdf

49. Population Pyramids

50. Get out a sheet of paper • Title it “Population Pyramids” • In the upper right hand corner, write P&M – 5