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Communication

Communication. The informational framework. Information reduces uncertainty Response determines fitness outcome Cues vs. signals Deceit. Environment. Reception. Production. Based on Bradbury and Vehrencamp (1998). Honest signaling.

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Communication

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  1. Communication

  2. The informational framework • Information reduces uncertainty • Response determines fitness outcome • Cues vs. signals • Deceit Environment Reception Production Based on Bradbury and Vehrencamp (1998)

  3. Honest signaling • Senders and receivers often disagree on optimal response • Mate choice, contests, etc. • Pervasive dishonesty leads to communication breakdown • Only honest signals are stable

  4. Maintaining honesty • Costs • Production • Maintenance • Vulnerability • Convention • Constraints • Index signals

  5. Some properties of signals • Active space • Duty cycle • Locatability • Identification level • Modulation potential • Costs / constraints • Optimal signal design varies by function

  6. Signal evolution • Sender precursors • Intention movements • Ritualization • Cues • Amplification • Principal of antithesis • Receiver precursors • Sensory drive • Sensory exploitation

  7. Communication networks • Eavesdropping • Intraspecific • Black-capped chickadees • Interspecific • Gryllus and Ormea • Audience effects

  8. Modalities • Visual • Acoustic • Chemical • Vibrational • Electrical • Multimodal

  9. Sound I • Sounds are moving pressure waves • Amplitude = loudness • Frequency ≈ pitch = waves / second • Wavelength determines frequency (because speed is ~ constant) amplitude pressure wavelength time frequency is # of waves that pass each sec

  10. Sound II • Waveform • Spectrum • Fourier transform • Sonogram Amplitude Frequency

  11. Sound production • Vibration generator • Need for multiplier • Stridulatory organs • Larynx • Syrinx • Resonator • In anurans • In humans Goller and Larsen 1997 PNAS 94:14787-

  12. Sound transmission • Air versus water • Degradation • Global attenuation • Frequency dependent attenuation • Reverberation Forest Lake

  13. Acoustic adaptation open forested • Environment constrains signal structure • Global attenuation • Limits active space • Frequency dependent attenuation • Constrains use of high frequencies • Reverberation • Constrains use of rapid changes flycatchers wrens tanagers

  14. Sound reception • Ears • Frequency response • Directionality • Signal to noise ratio • Evolution of urban bird songs

  15. Light • The electromagnetic spectrum • Radiance, reflection and absorption

  16. Visual signal production • Pigments • Carotenoids • Melanins • Structural colors • Rayleigh scattering • Mie scattering • Bioluminescence • Extended phenotype http://home.vicnet.net.au/~osch/Bower%20photo1.jpg

  17. Visual signal reception • Contrast with background • Available light

  18. Olfactory communication • Properties • Slow • Non-directional • Non-spectral • Volatility affects duty cycle, active space • Trail following ants • Territorial badgers

  19. Electrical communication • Only in fish • Generate fields • Strongly / weakly electric fish • Pulse / wave fish • Social communication • Courtship “songs” • Range: 1m • Electrolocation • Range: 2-5 cm

  20. Vibrational communication • Widespread and ancient • Limited range, bandwidth • Private • Recording • Geophones • Accelerometers • Laser Doppler vibometers • Playback • Shakers • Magnetic setups

  21. Echolocation • Principals • Diversity • Birds • Cetations • Bats • In bats

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