Telomeres, Mitosis, and Cancer

1. Telomeres, Mitosis, and Cancer

2. For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.

3. Fig 3.5 The Cell Cycle

4. Fig 11.7 DNA replication

6. Mutations are produced via replication errors and/or environmental mutagens

7. Telomeres are non-gene DNA at the ends of DNA strands.

8. Telomeres are non-gene DNA at the ends of DNA strands. Short telomeres will cause cells to stop replicating or cell death. The critical size is unknown.

9. Human Life Cycle high levels of telomerase very little telomerase

10. Telomeres are non-gene DNA at the ends of DNA strands. Telomeres are shortened during DNA replication, and by DNA damage. Short telomeres will cause cell senescence or cell death. Telomere size is a measure of mutations.

11. Do telomere dynamics link lifestyle and lifespan? Pat Monaghan and Mark F. Haussmann TRENDS in Ecology and EvolutionVol 21 pg 47

12. Telomere length varies in different parts of adults: telomeres - mitosisstomach &blood cells....short - often

13. Telomere length varies in different parts of adults: telomeres - mitosisstomach &blood cells....short - often muscle &brain……….long - rare

14. Telomere length varies in different parts of adults: telomeres - mitosisstomach &blood cells....short - often muscle &brain……….long - rare liver &kidney……..short - rare

15. Telomere length varies in different parts of adults: telomeres - mitosisstomach &blood cells....short - often muscle &brain……….long - rare liver &kidney……..short - rare gametes……long

16. Telomeres are non-gene DNA at the ends of DNA strands. Telomeres are more sensitive to DNA damage, and may act as a sensor for overall DNA damage levels in a cell.

17. Does telomere length indicate longevity?

18. Telomere length in red blood cells of different birds Zebra finch Age (years) Fig. 1 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

19. Telomere length in red blood cells of different birds common tern Age (years) Fig. 1 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

20. Telomere length in red blood cells of different birds albatross TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

21. Telomere length in red blood cells of different birds Leach’s storm petrel Fig. 1 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

22. Telomere length in red blood cells of different birds, different species have different patterns of telomere length and age Zebra finch common tern albatross Leach’s storm petrel Fig. 1 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

23. Telomere length in white blood cells of different aged people. Telomere length generally declines, but there is wide variability Fig. 2 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

24. Telomere length and mortality in people over 60 years old upper 50% of telomere length proportion surviving % lower 50% of telomere length years after initial assessment THE LANCET • Vol 361 • pg 393

25. Telomere length may indicate biological age. Early stress may cause premature telomere degradation.

26. {Meiosis: producing gametes} For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. {Mitosis: producing more cells}

27. Fig 3.5 The Cell Cycle

28. Mitosis: A DNA Perspective

29. Mitosis plays a role in: • Growth and Development • Repair and Turnover of Cells • Reproduction • Asexual

30. start of mitosis Fig 3.8

31. Fig 3.7 A basic look at mitosis The Mitotic Spindle (micro- tubules) Sister Chromatids

32. Mitosis is tightly regulated: checkpoints Fig 22.16

33. Cell division is regulated by bothpositive and negative signals.Positive signals start the processof cell division.Negative signals inhibit cell division.

34. 2 proteins, Cyclin and Cdk, control entry into mitosis Fig22.16

35. Fig 22.16 2 proteins, Cyclin and Cdk, control entry into mitosis. Cdk

36. Balance between Longevity and Health Fig. 3 TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol 21 pg 47

37. Mutations

38. Cancer: Cell Division Gone Wrong

39. Normal Mammalian Cells Have Contact Inhibition

40. Cancer Cells Do Not Have Contact Inhibition

41. Tumors in a Liver normal tumors

42. Cancer: • is the loss of control over cell division. • Tumors are normal cells that are dividing inappropriately. • They stop performing their “normal” function, and are dividing repeatedly.

43. A cell becomes cancerous when there are incorrect positive AND negative signals.

44. GO! STOP! cancer

45. Multiple mutations are required for cancer to occur Fig22.17

46. Tbl 22.9

47. Tbl 22.9

48. Normal Cells Cancer Cells

49. Benign versus Malignant cancer

50. How do these mutations arise?