1. Which of the following is not one of the domains (highest taxonomic level) of life?

1. 1. Which of the following is not one of the domains (highest taxonomic level) of life? • Archaea • Eukarya • Bacteria • Fungi

2. 2. Which of the following types of organisms are composed of a cells that do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles? • Eukarya • Bacteria • Archaea • Both A and B • Both B and C • Both A and C

3. 3. What taxonomic level is the just above class (more diverse) . • Phylum • Order • Family • Genus

4. A. Variability for a trait B. Trait must be heritable C. Trait must be genetically dominant D. Trait must lead to differential reproduction 4. Which of the following is not one of the conditions required for natural selection?

5. While natural selection only acts upon expressed traits (acts upon phenotype), both dominant and recessive traits face natural selection pressure. Recessive traits face natural selection pressure on individuals that are homozygous recessive (express the recessive trait). It is true that because the recessive allele can be “hidden”, harmful traits still present in the gene pool are more likely to be recessive.

6. A. Favorable trait must exist in the gene pool. B. Having a high reproductive rate. C. Mutations that lead to an adaptation cannot be random. D. Adaptations that are compromises lead to extinction. 5. Which of the following is a limit to adaptation?

7. A. Directional selection. B. Stabilizing selection C. Diversifying selection. D. Bimodal selection. 6. Natural selection which eliminates individuals at both ends of the spectrum of variation is called

8. If natural selection pressure favors the average, and acts against BOTH extremes the distribution will narrow. Stabilizing Selection.

9. 7. If natural selection favors one extreme of the distribution, and acts against the other it is called • Stabilizing Selection • Disruptive or Diversifying Selection • Directional Selection • Genetic Drift

11. A. Convergent evolution. B. Coevolution. C. Directional evolution. D. Symbiotic evolution. 8. Interactions between two species that result in ongoing evolutionary changes in each species is called

12. A. Flowers evolving colors and fragrances that attract bees. B. Giraffes evolving longer necks to reach higher branches. C. A newt species adapts to have high to have high levels of toxin while a garter snake that preys upon it adapts to be able to tolerate a high level of toxin. D. Whales and fish having streamlined shapes. 9. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

13. In convergent evolution, trait is not shared by more closely related species. The trait evolved independently in more distantly related species because the of similarities in natural selection pressure.

15. A. Geographic isolation. B. Coevolution. C. Stabilizing natural selection. D. A mutualistic relationship. 10. Which of the following would most likely lead to speciation?

16. 11. A shift in a gene pool (a change in the frequency of gene/how common a gene is) that is do to random chance …. • is called a mutation • is called genetic drift • is called adaptation • gene pools cannot change due to random chance

17. 12. Genetic drift is more likely to occur ___ • in a species with a high reproduction rate • in a species with a slow reproduction rate • in a large population • in a small population

18. 13. When two species that compete over a food source or habitat adapt over time to utilize the resource in a way that reduces/avoids direct competition it is called • Competitive exclusion • Interference competition • Resilience • Resource petitioning

20. A. The introduction of an invasive species. B. A mass extinction event. C. Human population growth. D. Long-term stability in the climate. 14. Which of the following would most likely cause an adaptive radiation to occur?

21. A. What trophic level it is (step on the food chain) B. The nutrient requirements of the species C. The range of temperature the species can tolerate D. The potential medical benefits of the species. 15. Which of the following is not part of the niche of a species?

22. broad niche; stable environment • narrow niche; stable environment • broad niche; rapidly changing environment • narrow niche; rapidly changing environment 16. Specialist species have a _______ and have and advantage in a _______________.

23. A. species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being damaged. B. species that play a critical role in an ecosystem. C. a type of native species found nowhere else on earth. D. species that spread disease. 17. Endemic species are:

24. A. There is an overlap of niches. B. One species limits another species’ access to a resource. C. One species uses a resource more efficiently than another. D. Seniors cheat to win spirit competitions. 18. Exploitation competition occurs when:

25. A. decrease, decrease B. decrease, increase C. Increase, increase D. Increase, decrease 19. Typical trends in succession is for diversity to __________with time, and for plant size to ___________with time.

26. 20. The trees in a mature/climax community in a temperate deciduous forest biome ______________ than trees earlier in the process of succession. • are faster growing • have higher light requirements • are better competitors • both A and C

27. A. recover after a disturbance. B. survive minor ecological disturbances C. develop into a mature/climax community D. to expand it’s range. 21. Inertia (or persistence) is the ability of a ecosystem to :

28. 22. Rainforests have a high level of biodiversity, but have very poor soil (because the conditions for life are so ideal that those nutrients get used up quickly and are stored in the large amount of biomass in a rainforest). Rainforests have ... • High inertia/persistence and low resilience • Low inertia/persistence and high resilience • Both low inertia/ persistence and low resilience • Both high inertia/ persistence and high resilience

29. The high biodiversity creates many available niches- so that a rainforest has more inertia to withstand minor ecological disruptions. However, with very poor soil, a rainforest is not resilient and generally can not rebound well from major ecological disruptions.

30. A. Habitat loss and pollution. B. Habitat loss and invasive species. C. Invasive species and pollution. D. Hippos and elephants. 23. The top two causes of loss of biodiversity are

31. A. Nonnative species may have no natural predators, competitors, or parasites B. Nonnative species have better adaptations to their new environments. C. Nonnative species can consume a larger variety of resources. D. Nonnative species have a higher rate of reproduction 24. Which of the following is a reason why nonnative species (invasives) are sometimes good at outcompeting native species?

32. Low on the food chain • Low reproductive rate • Specialist • Endemic 25. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an extinction-prone species:

33. A. Because they are usually prized for their furs. B. Because they compete directly with humans for food. C. Because they have low reproductive rates. D. Because they must be supported by a large amount of producers/lower consumers 26. What is the primary reason top consumers more vulnerable to extinction?

34. A. They cross country boundaries. B. They often nest in wetlands. C. They abandon their eggs each time they migrate. D. They require a lot of habitat. 27. Which of the following is not a reason why migratory birds are so hard to protect?

35. A. Requires plans that protect the endangered species and minimizes economic impact. B. Is directed by the EPA. Protects only species living on federal lands. A and B 28. The Endangered Species Act

36. A. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. B. U.S. Department of State. C. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). D. National Marine Fisheries Services A and D 29. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) involves which of the following government agencies:

37. ESA CITES Montreal Protocol Kyoto Protocol 30. A ban on trade of black rhino horn is part of

38. A. Convention on Interspecies Taxonomy in Endangered Species. B. Convention on International Treaties and Environmental Signatures. C. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species D. Creepy Invaders Terminate Endemic Species. 31. The CITES, signed in 1975, stands for:

39. 32. A smaller island (or wildlife preserve) is expected to have a lower species diversity because of • a higher rate of extinction • a lower rate of extinction • a higher rate of immigration • a lower rate of immigration • A and D • B and C

40. D • E • A • C • A • B • C • B • D • A • B • D • D • B • D • B • C • C • C • 20. C • 21. B • A • B • A • A • D • C • A • E • B • C • E