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Biochemistry of Cells: Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells

Explore the fundamental concepts of biochemistry in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the structure and function of molecules, polymers, and macromolecules. Learn about the properties of water, carbon-based molecules, and different functional groups. Understand how monomers are polymerized and how polymers are broken down in cells. Discover the role of carbohydrates in cellular fuel and the importance of different types of molecules in cellular processes.

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Biochemistry of Cells: Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells

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  1. Biochemistry of Cells DR. ARNEL BANAGA SALGADO,PhD (PMHN), Ph.D. (Psychology), Ed.D., Sc.D., RN, PGD H/P No.: 050-799-3803 URL: www.ifeet.org; www.arnelsalgado.com • Member: Sigma Theta Tau International – Honor Society of Nursing (Constituent No. 1628977) • Member: American Psychological Association (APA Roll No. 04438162) • Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) • Fellow Program in Management (FPM – Psychology) • Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) • Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) • Master of Arts in Nursing (M.A.N) • Master of Arts in Teaching - Psychology (M.A.T.) • Registered Nurse (PH, MYL, UAE) • Licensed Teacher (PH) • Certificate in Teaching, • Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN, PH) www.arnelsalgado.com

  2. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells

  3. Prokaryotic Cell

  4. Bacterial Cytoplasm Is Full of Molecules

  5. Eukaryotic Cell

  6. Muscle Cells

  7. Biological Monomers What to Look For = What’s Important: Functional Groups: amino, carboxyl, carbonyls (both), alcohol, methyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and others. Covalent Bonds – single, double, triple. Ionization state, or not. Solubility How Monomers are Polymerized Weak Bonds = H-bonds, Ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces.

  8. The Monomers

  9. Structure to Molecular Hierarchy

  10. Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year Uses of Organic Molecules Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth www.arnelsalgado.com

  11. Uses of Organic Molecules • A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year www.arnelsalgado.com

  12. About 60-90 percent of an organism is water Water Water is used in most reactions in the body Water is called the universal solvent www.arnelsalgado.com

  13. Water Properties • Polarity Cohesiveness Adhesiveness Surface Tension www.arnelsalgado.com

  14. Carbon-based Molecules • Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds www.arnelsalgado.com

  15. Carbon is a Versatile Atom • It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds www.arnelsalgado.com

  16. Hydrocarbons • The simplest carbon compounds … Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms www.arnelsalgado.com

  17. Carbon can use its bonds to:: • Attach to other carbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons www.arnelsalgado.com

  18. Large Hydrocarbons: • Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies www.arnelsalgado.com

  19. Shape of Organic Molecules • Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape The shape determines its function in an organism www.arnelsalgado.com

  20. Functional Groups are: • Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach Lost Electrons Gained Electrons www.arnelsalgado.com

  21. Common Functional Groups www.arnelsalgado.com

  22. Giant Molecules - Polymers • Large molecules are called polymers Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers Biologists call them macromolecules www.arnelsalgado.com

  23. Examples of Polymers • Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids www.arnelsalgado.com

  24. Most Macromolecules are Polymers • Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers Nucleic Acid Monomer www.arnelsalgado.com

  25. Linking Monomers Cells link monomers by a processcalled condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water) Remove H H2O Forms Remove OH This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar www.arnelsalgado.com

  26. Breaking Down Polymers • Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water) Water added to split a double sugar www.arnelsalgado.com

  27. Macromolecules in Organisms • There are four categories of large molecules in cells: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids www.arnelsalgado.com

  28. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates include: • Small sugar molecules in soft drinks • Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes www.arnelsalgado.com

  29. Monosaccharides: • Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C6H12O6 www.arnelsalgado.com

  30. Monosaccharides • Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar” -OSE ending means SUGAR www.arnelsalgado.com

  31. Isomers • Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same www.arnelsalgado.com

  32. Rings • In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures www.arnelsalgado.com

  33. Cellular Fuel • Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work ATP www.arnelsalgado.com

  34. Disaccharides • A disaccharide is a double sugar They’re made by joining two monosaccharides Involves removing a water molecule (condensation) Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond www.arnelsalgado.com

  35. Disaccharides • Common disaccharides include: • Sucrose (table sugar) • Lactose (Milk Sugar) • Maltose (Grain sugar) www.arnelsalgado.com

  36. Disaccharides • Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules Lactose is made of galactose + glucose GLUCOSE www.arnelsalgado.com

  37. Polysaccharides • Complex carbohydrates Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains www.arnelsalgado.com

  38. Examples of Polysaccharides Glucose Monomer Starch Glycogen Cellulose www.arnelsalgado.com

  39. Starch • Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants Plant cells store starch for energy Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet www.arnelsalgado.com

  40. Glycogen • Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers www.arnelsalgado.com

  41. Cellulose • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants It is a major component of wood It is also known as dietary fiber www.arnelsalgado.com

  42. Cellulose SUGARS www.arnelsalgado.com

  43. Dietary Cellulose • Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose www.arnelsalgado.com

  44. Sugars in Water • Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water WATER MOLECULE They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving” -OH groups make them water soluble SUGAR MOLECULE www.arnelsalgado.com

  45. Lipids • Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils FAT MOLECULE www.arnelsalgado.com

  46. Function of Lipids • Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs www.arnelsalgado.com

  47. Types of Fatty Acids • Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons) Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons) www.arnelsalgado.com

  48. Types of Fatty Acids Single Bonds in Carbon chain Double bond in carbon chain www.arnelsalgado.com

  49. Triglyceride • Monomer of lipids Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic Alcohol (-OL ending) www.arnelsalgado.com

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