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Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter. Use to make foldable The terms in red are your voc. terms. Pure Substances. Pure Substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means. Gold - element. Manganese Dioxide - compound. Pure Substance. Element

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Classification of Matter

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  1. Classification of Matter Use to make foldable The terms in red are your voc. terms.

  2. Pure Substances • Pure Substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means Gold - element Manganese Dioxide - compound

  3. Pure Substance • Element • composed of identical atoms • EX: copper wire, aluminum foil Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  4. Pure Substances • Compound • composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio • properties differ from those of individual elements • Chemical bonds hold the elements together • EX: table salt (NaCl) Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  5. Pure Substances - FYI Law of Definite Composition • A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements. Two different compounds, each has a definite composition Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  6. Molecules • Groups of two or more atoms bound by chemical bonds • Can be two of the same element

  7. Chemical Formula-Extra Info • Shows the compound and the ratio of atoms

  8. Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7 H2 O2 F2 N2 Cl2 Br2 F2

  9. Matter Flowchart Examples: • graphite • pepper • sugar (sucrose) • paint • soda element hetero. mixture compound hetero. mixture solution homo. mixture Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  10. Classification of Matter hetero- geneous mixture no uniform properties? no solution fixed composition? no element chemically decomposable? yes compound http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm

  11. Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties. Compounds two or more kinds of atoms that are bonded Mixtures two or more substances that are physically mixed Elements only one kind of atom; atoms are bonded it the element is diatomic or polyatomic two or more kinds of and substance with definite makeup and properties Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)

  12. Mixtures Variable combination of two or more pure substances. Each keep individual properties Homogeneous- Evenly Mixed cannot see different parts. (Same) Heterogeneous – Can see different parts (different) Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  13. Tyndall Effect • The scattering of light by particles in a mixture • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gheuYqQ6phE&feature=related

  14. Mixtures Solution • homogeneous • very small particles • no Tyndall effect • particles don’t settle • EX: • rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol and water) • Air (nitrogen and oxygen) Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  15. Mixtures Colloid • heterogeneous • medium-sized particles • Tyndall effect • particles don’t settle • Particles scatter light • EX: • Milk • Clouds • Smoke • mayo Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  16. Mixtures Suspension • heterogeneous • large particles • Tyndall effect • particles settle • EX: • fresh-squeezed lemonade • Sand in water Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  17. Mixtures Examples: • mayonnaise • muddy water • fog • saltwater • Italian salad dressing colloid suspension colloid solution suspension Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  18. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures oxygen atoms hydrogen atoms hydrogen atoms (b) a compound (water) (c) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) (d) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) (a) an element (hydrogen) Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68

  19. MATTER yes no Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes no yes no Is the composition uniform? Can it be chemically decomposed? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element Colloids Suspensions Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  20. Classification of Matter MATTER (gas. Liquid, solid, plasma) Separated by PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES physical means into Separated by COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE chemical means into Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31

  21. Classification of Matter Matter Physically separable Substance Definite composition (homogeneous) Mixture of Substances Variable composition Chemically separable Element (Examples: iron, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, silver) Compound (Examples: water. iron (II) sulfide, methane, Aluminum silicate) Homogeneous mixture Uniform throughout, also called a solution (Examples: air, tap water, gold alloy) Heterogeneous mixture Nonuniform distinct phases (Examples: soup, concrete, granite)

  22. Mixture vs. Compound Alike Different Different Involve substances Variable Composition Fixed Composition Topic Topic No bonds between components Contain two or more elements Bonds between components Mixture Compound Can be separated by physical means Can be separated into elements Can ONLY be separated by chemical means

  23. Compounds vs. Mixtures • Compounds have properties that are uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. • A formula can always be written for a compound • e.g. NaCl  Na + Cl2 • Mixtures retain their individual properties. • e.g. Salt water is salty and wet

  24. Top TenElements in the Universe • Percent • Element (by atoms) • Hydrogen 73.9 • Helium 24.0 • Oxygen 1.1 • Carbon 0.46 • Neon 0.13 • Iron 0.11 • Nitrogen 0.097 • Silicon 0.065 • Magnesium 0.058 • Sulfur 0.044 A typical spiral galaxy (Milky Way is a spiral galaxy) Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 26

  25. The Composition of Air Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Air Neon Water vapor Carbon dioxide Argon Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 34

  26. Chart Examining Some Components of Air Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of nitrogen: Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of two atoms of oxygen: Water consists of molecules consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom: Argon consists of individual argon atoms: Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom: Neon consists of individual neon atoms: Helium consists of individual helium atoms: N2 O2 H2O Ar CO2 Ne He Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 35

  27. Reviewing ConceptsClassifying Matter • Why does every sample of a given substance have the same properties? • Explain why the composition of an element is fixed. • Describe the composition of a compound. • Why can the properties of a mixture vary? • On what basis can mixtures be classified as solutions, suspensions, or colloids?

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