The Cold War, 1961-68

1. The Cold War, 1961-68 Libertyville High School

2. Berlin Wall, 1961 • Nov. 1958: Khrushchev demanded western powers leave West Berlin • Khrushchev repeated same demand in June, 1961 • Kennedy increased size of military to 1.1 million • Authorized draft • Thousands of East Berliners fled to West during crisis

3. Berlin Wall, 1961 • August 13, 1961: Border between E. Germany and W. Berlin closed • On same day, border between E, W Berlin closed • JFK ordered 150,000 troops to W. Berlin • Standoff w/ East German troops continued through summer of 1962

4. The Bay of Pigs (1961) • Castro seized power in Cuba, 1959 • Prior to invasion, US “owned” Cuba • Pro US government • US owned 4/5 of island utilities • ½ of sugar production • Nearly all mining • Mob dominated casinos • Overthrowing Castro became focus for CIA

5. Bay of Pigs (1961) • March, 1960: Ike ordered invasion of Cuba • CIA would train Cuban immigrants / exiles • US would support invasion with bombers, supplies • Cuba gov’t knew invasion was coming (loose lips, KGB info)

6. Bay of Pigs (1961) • Invasion itself a fiasco • 1300 ground troops supported by air sorties by WWII era airplanes • Three days of fighting left about 90 exiles dead; most surrendered, out of ammo • At UN, Cuban diplomats accused US of invasion • Adlai Stevenson: “under no circumstances” would US troops participate in combat in Cuba • About 100 Cuban exiles were executed; rest were exchanged in Dec. 1962 for $53 million in food, medicine ($ raised privately)

7. Bay of Pigs - Outcomes Castro declared self a Marxist, accelerated nationalization of industries Castro driven firmly into arms of USSR (US saw as violation of what doctrine?) Soviets used invasion as pretext to send in military “advisors”, nuclear weapons Severe embarrassment for JFK

8. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Feb. 1962: JFK est. economic embargo of Cuba • Castro was convinced of imminent US invasion • Khrushchev decided to secretly place med. range nukes in Cuba

9. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Crisis at peak from October 8-28, 1962 • 10-14: U2 photos showed proof of buildup • JFK, 10-22-62: “It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.”

10. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • US est. strict quarantine on Cuba • Blockade of all supplies = declaration of war • Quarantine against weapons NOT a dec. of war • Intense negotiations between JFK, Khrushchev • Khrushchev: US “pirate action” • Trade nukes in Turkey for nukes in Cuba? • US: no – just get’em out of Cuba • Defcon 2, nukes loaded for attack against USSR

11. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Resolution • Khrushchev publicly agreed to remove missiles • JFK agreed to publicly state that US would never invade Cuba • Castro would publicly promise never to accept nukes in Cuba • JFK secretly removed nukes from Turkey • To world, it looked like Khrushchev “blinked”

12. Third World Arena • Non-alignment policy of small countries • Policy: peaceful coexistence with the 1st, 2nd world nations was preferable & possible • Played US, USSR off against each other for cash, rewards • Creation of Org. of African States (1963) • African states banded together vs. 1st World Non-aligned nations

13. Third World Arena • Invasion of Dominican Republic (1965) • 22,000 marines sent in • LBJ: Invasion to prevent communist takeover • LBJ exaggerated threat, to press; start of “Credibility gap” • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed 1960 • Resentment strong amongst oil producing 3rd World countries who were being exploited by West corps OPEC Nations

14. New Soviet Leader • Khrushchev overthrown in 1964 • “Losing” Cuban missile crisis • Economic difficulties • Perceived loss of power within Politburo • Replaced by Leonid Brezhnev • Conservative party leader • Chinese-Soviet relations deteriorate to warfare in 1969, over border

15. French Withdrawal From NATO • De Gaulle protested strong US role in org. • Developed French indep. army, from 1958 on • In event of war, intended to strike separate peace • 1959 – w/d Med fleet from NATO command • 1959 – banned stationing of nukes on French soil • 1966 – removed Fr. from NATO commands

16. “Prague Spring” • 1968: new Czech president, Dubcek, came to power • Loosened restrictions on media, speech, travel • Soviets objected • August, 1968: Thousands of Soviet troops and tanks moved in • Crackdown, occupation continued until 1990

17. Development of Nuclear Strategy • “Triad” of nuclear strategy • Land based missiles • Rockets for space program • Large launch facility vulnerable to attack • Missile silos first built in mid 1960s • Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRV) were game changers • Bomber fleet • B-52s continued to be updated • Submarine fleet • Ballistic missile subs first deployed in 1959

18. Development of MAD • Mutual Assured Destruction • First strike nation would still be wiped out by second strike capability of other country • Each nation a rational actor, intent on self preservation • Doctrine depends upon credibility of the threat of second strike = continual investment, updating nukes MAD Game Tree