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Ass. Wr . Wb . Bahan kajian MK. Perencanaan Lingkungan dan Pengembangan Wilayah

Ass. Wr . Wb . Bahan kajian MK. Perencanaan Lingkungan dan Pengembangan Wilayah KENYAMANAN LINGKUNGAN HUTAN KOTA PMPSLP-PPSUB-NOPEMBER 2011 Soemarno. Hutan Lindung . Daerah yang lerengnya curam dan rawan longsor harus dijadikan kawasan hutan lindung . Foto smno 2008.

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Ass. Wr . Wb . Bahan kajian MK. Perencanaan Lingkungan dan Pengembangan Wilayah

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  1. Ass. Wr. Wb. Bahankajian MK. PerencanaanLingkungandanPengembangan Wilayah KENYAMANAN LINGKUNGAN HUTAN KOTA PMPSLP-PPSUB-NOPEMBER 2011 Soemarno

  2. HutanLindung. Daerah yang lerengnyacuramdanrawanlongsorharusdijadikankawasanhutanlindung. Fotosmno 2008

  3. Kendalaapasaja yang yangselamainidihadapioleh stake-holder (pemerintah, suastadanmasyarakat) dalamkegiatanpenghijauandan GSP diwilayahperkotaan ? (termasukkendalaperaturanperundangandanenforcementnya, sarana/prasarana, dancita-rasa masyarakat) Fotosmno 2008

  4. Tumbuhan yang banyakdifatangiburungadalah (1) Ficus spp., (2) dadap, (3) Dangdeurberbungamerah, (4) aren, dan (5) Bambu. . Tegakanpohonpermanendengantajuk yang rimbunikutmembantumenciptakankenyamananlingkungandilapanganparkirdansekaligusdapatmenyerappolutanemisikendaraanbermotor. Fotosmno 2010

  5. Jenistanamanuntukpenghijauankotaadalah (1) mempunyaiperakaran yang dalam (2) pertumbuhannyacepatdantahanterhadappemangkasandangangguanfisik, (3) Tahanterhadapkekurangan air, (4) selaluhijaudanberbunga, (5) dapattumbuhpadaberbagaikondisitanah, (6) tajuknyamelebar, (7) cabangnyatidakmudahrontok, (8) berpengaruhbaikterhadaptanah, (9) dapattumbuhpadalahanterbuka, (10) disenangiolehwargakota.

  6. Jalur hijau sepanjang Jl Veteran Kota Malang, mempunyai peran kenyamanan lingkungan yang dapat dinikmarti oleh semua orang yang ada di sekitarnya. Foto. smno 20120

  7. Foto smno 2008 Kebunkelapaditepianpantaimempunyainilaiamenitasdankonformitas yang tinggi

  8. Ability Evaluation of Some Tree Species to Absorb Heavy Metals in Riyadh City. Six tree species of the widest spread in Riyadh city were selected, for study; Eucalyptus camaldulensisDehn. which belongs to the Myrtaceae, the Ficusaltissima Blume, Moraceae family, the (Zizphusspina-christi(L) Desf), which belong to the Rhamnaceae family, and three species tree belong to the Leguminosae family under sub family of the Mimosaceae species, these are AlbizialebbeckL. Benth, pithecellobiumdulceRoxb. Benth. and Prosopisjuliflora(SW) Dc.. PohonPenyerapPolutanTimbal: Mahoni (Swieteniamicrophyla); Jamuju (Podocarpusimbricatus); Pala (Mirysticafragrans); AsamLondo (Pithecelobiumdulce); JambuBatu (Psidiumguajava); Angsana (Pterocarpusindicus); CemaraGunung ( Casuarinajunghuhniana); Kayumanis (Cinamomunburmani); Tanjung (Mimosupelegi) http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:87mTSQTYWdsJ:colleges.ksu.edu.sa/Arabic%2520Colleges/CollegeOfAgriculture/botanist/Documents/

  9. Kota yang rawan air tawar akibat menipisnya jumlah air tanah dangkal dan atau terancam kekeringan , maka hutan lindung harus dibangun di lokasi tangkapan sebagai penyerap, penyimpan, dan pemasok air.

  10. HUTAN KOTA TipePerlindungan Termasukdalamtipeiniadalahjalurhijaudisepanjangtepijalanbebashambatan. Denganmenanamjenisperdu yang liatdandilengkapidenganjalurpohondantanamanjenis legume merambatsecaraberlapis-lapis, diharapkandapatmenahankendaraan yang keluardarijalurjalan. Trees: Help to settle out, trap and hold particle pollutants (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs. Absorb CO2 and other dangerous gasses and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day. Absorb enough CO2 on each acre, over a year's time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles. Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall.

  11. Dalam ekosistem yang bervegetasi, sebagian besar solar-radiasi ditangkap oleh tajuk tumbuhan dan sebagian kecil yang diteruskan dan direfleksikan kembali. Pelenyapan vegetasi, seperti penebangan hutan, akan meningkatkan secara drastis jumlah solar-radiasi yang mencapai permukaan tanah.

  12. MenanggulangiHujanAsam Pohondapatmembantumengatasidampakhujanasammelaluiprosesfisiologis yang disebut GUTASI. Prosesiniakanmenghasilkanunsur alkalis seperti Ca, Na, K, dan Mg, sertasenyawaorganiksepertiglutamindangula (Smith, 1981). Unsur alkalis iniakanmenhgikatsulfatataunitrat yang terdapatdalam air hujan.

  13. Lead accumulation in Cannaxgeneralis(Trampczynska et al. 2001). PERDU BERBUNGA Kesumba (Bixaorellana); Bungakupu-kupu (Bauhinia purpurea); Dadaphibrida (Erythrinacristagalli); Kembangmerak (Caesalpiniapulcherima); Daunputri (Musaendafrontdosa); Ketepengcina (Cassia alata); Bungakuning (Cassia multijuga); Asemlondo (Pithecelobiumdulce) http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol6/issue3/full/6/#a_7

  14. Jenistanamanuntukkeperluanestetikaadalah (1) tajukdanbentukpercabangannyaindah, (2) bungadanbuahnyamempunyaiwarnadanbentuk yang indah. The order of NO2 pollutant absorber plant. Dadap yellow2. Boxwood.3. Melinjo.4. Kaliandra.5. Flamboyan.6.  Peacock Flower.7.  Kranji acid.8.  Kapok.9.  Galinggem.10. Flower lanterns. http://ovihomedecorators.com/garden/antipollutant-plant/ Ornamentals Neerium oleander leaves collected from urban areas of Portugal accumulated lead upto 78 mg/g dry weight in leaves and is suitable for monitoring lead in air (Freitas et al. 1991). Cannaxgeneralisis an important ornamental cultivated in urban landscape. Hydroponic cultures of this plant treated with lead for one month suggest that this plant is a suitable for phytoextraction of lead as the plant produces appreciable quantity of biomass (Trampczynska et al. 2001) (Pelargoniumsp. "Frensham"), scented geranium was identified as one of the most efficient metal hyperaccumulator plants (Saxena et al. 1999). http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol6/issue3/full/6/#a_7

  15. Air pollutants injure trees by damaging their foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases. The loss of trees in the urban areas not only intensifies the urban "heat-island" effect from loss of shade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well. POHON PENYERAP PolutanDebu Semen. Mohoni (Swieteniamicrophylla); Tanjung (Mimosupselengi); Kenari (Canariumcomune); KerePayung (Filiciumdecipiens); Duwet ( Eugenia cuminii)

  16. SYARAT POHON PENEDUH Mudahtumbuhpadatanah yang padat; Tidakmempunyaiakar yang besardipermukaantanah; Tahanterhadaphembusanangin; Dahandan ranting tidakmudahpatah; Pohontidakmudahtumbang; Buahtidakterlalubesar; Seresah yang dihasilkansedikit; Tahanterhadappencemarkendaraandanpabrik; Luka akibatbenturanmudahsembuh; Cukupteduhtetapitidakterlalugelap; Daun, bunga, buah, batangdanpercabangannyaindah; Berumurpanjang; Padasaatdewasacocokdenganruang yang tersedia; Pertumbuhancepat; Tahanterhadaphamapenyakit; Serbuk sari tidakbersifatalergis

  17. Penyerap CO2 danPenghasil O2: Umumnyatanaman C3 lebihresponsifterhadapkenaikankonsentrasi CO2 dalamudara, dibandingkandengantanaman C4. Titikkompensasi CO2 tumbuhan C3 dapatmencapai 50-150 ppm. How much CO2 does one tree absorb (per year or per lifetime)? Each person in the U.S. generates approximately 2.3 tons of CO2 each year. A healthy tree stores about 13 pounds of carbon annually -- or 2.6 tons per acre each year. An acre of trees absorbs enough CO2 over one year to equal the amount produced by driving a car 26,000 miles. An estimate of carbon emitted per vehicle mile is between 0.88 lb. CO2/mi. – 1.06 lb. CO2/mi. (Nowak, 1993). Thus, a car driven 26,000 miles will emit between 22,880 lbs CO2 and 27,647 lbs. CO2. Thus, one acre of tree cover in Brooklyn can compensate for automobile fuel use equivalent to driving a car between 7,200 and 8,700 miles. Source(s): http://www.coloradotrees.org/benefits.ht…

  18. Johonpeneduhadalah (1) mudahtumbuhpadatanah yang padat, (2) tidakmempunyaiakar yang besardipermukaantanah , (3) tahanterhadaphembusanangin yang kuat, (4) dahandan ranting tidakmudahpatah, (5) pohontidakmudahtumbang, (6) buahtidakterlalubesar, (7) seresah yang dihasilkansedikit, (8) tahanterhadapbahanpencemardariemisikendaraanbermotordanindustri, (9) lukaakibatbenturanfisikmudahsembuh, (10) cukupteduh, tetapitidakterlalugelap.

  19. Kemampuanpohonmenyerap CO2 There are numerous factors including tree type, tree age, temperature, etc. etc.The average is between 7.5 and 13 Kg of CO2 per year, however the tree must be older at least 15 years old to effectively absorb this. Younger trees absorb very little CO2 so for the purpose of this answer assume that they do not absorb CO2.Basically 1 tree will absorb 1100 Kg of CO2 in its full uninterrupted lifetime.This raises big issues with the carbon offset claims, about 10% of all tree planted will die naturally within 1 year from disease, pest, lack of nutrients/water, etc. Many other trees will be cut down by humans. If you plated 1 tree while producing 1100Kg of CO2 a year for 100 years there would be a net gain of 52.1 Kg of CO2.Another problem with carbon offsets are quality control, once the tree is planted its on its own, completly able to be cut down or die naturally without you knowing or the company replacing it. Source(s): http://www.carbon-info.org/pressrelease/…

  20. TumbuhanuntukpemanfaatankhusussesuaidengantujuanpenghijauankotaadalahTumbuhanuntukpemanfaatankhusussesuaidengantujuanpenghijauankotaadalah tahanterhadapsalinitastinggi, tahanterhadappolutandariemisikendaraanbermotordanindustri, mempunyaikemampuantinggimenyerap gas-gas, tahanterhadaphujanasam, mempunyaiefekhidrologis yang baik, menjadihabitat burung, dan menghasilkanwewangian.

  21. TREES REDUCE ENERGY COSTS Trees help to modify local climate by lowering air temperature, increasing humidity, influencing wind speeds and reducing glare. In the warmer months of the year, urban areas realize lower air temperatures when trees are strategically planted along streets and near buildings. These trees provide shade and evaporation of water through the transpiration process. The evaporation from a single large tree can produce the cooling effect of 10 room-sized air conditioners operating 24 hours a day. Communities in which homeowners utilize trees in their landscaping also benefit. When homeowners properly place trees in landscaping they benefit from savings on daytime air conditioning. For example, three or more large trees strategically placed on the sunny sides of a house will provide enough shade to reduce air-conditioning costs by as much as 30 percent. Trees also help with energy costs in the winter by blocking cold winds thereby reducing the strain on heating units. These energy savings, when spread over many houses, neighborhoods and urban areas, can reduce the demand for power production by utility plants, which also reduce the amount of air pollutants produced by these power plants. Sumber: http://urbanforestrynetwork.org/benefits/energy.htm

  22. Albizialebbeckwas found to be containing the highest concentration of Cd (O.028 microgram/gm), Fe (417.81 microgram/gm) and Pb (4.92 microgram/gm). The least concentration of Fe (190.02microgram/gm) was found in the leaves of Ficusaltissimaand the least concentration of Pb was found in the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensisand Ficusaltissima(2.578 and 2.582 microgram/gm consecutively), although no significant differences were found between them. The highest concentration of Cu element was found to be in the leaves of Pithecellobiumdulcewhile the least concentration of the same element was found to be in the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis(1.10 microgram/ gm). The least concentration of Magnesium Mn (8.21microgram/gm) was found in the leaves of Ficusaltissima. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:87mTSQTYWdsJ:colleges.ksu.edu.sa/Arabic%2520Colleges/CollegeOfAgriculture/botanist/Documents/ PenyerapKarbon-monoksida Hutankotadapatmenyerap gas CO hingga 2.2 ton/ha/tahun (Smith, 1981). Gas CO bersenyawadengan O2 menjadi CO2, danselanjutnya gas CO2 iniserapdaununtukfotosintesis.

  23. PeredamCahayaSilau Keefektifanpohonmeredamdanmelunakkancahayamataharitergantungpadaukurandankerapatannya. Jenispohondapatdipilihberdasarkanketinggianmaupunkerimbunantajuknya.

  24. KEMAMPUAN POHON MENYERAP LOGAM BERAT Totally 24 arbor tree species and 6 shrub species were measured on their absorption capacities to heavy metal Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg by collecting and analyzing the leaves of trees along different streets in Harbin city in Sept. to Oct. of 2003. The results showed that all the measured species had certain absorbency to the pollutants (Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg), but there existed significant difference in absorption capacity for different species to different pollutants. The measured tree species were classified into three categories by their absorption quantum of heavy metal pollutants. Among the species measured,Betulaplatyphylla, Ulmuspumilavar.pendula, andPrunuspersicaf.rubro-plena had high capacity in absorbing Pb;Populusxiahei, P. nigravar.Italica, P. alba x P. berolinensisandSalixmatsudana had had high capacity in absorbing Cd;Phellodendronamurense, Syringaoblata, Salix matsudana, Pinustabulaeformisvar.mukdensis, Piceakoraiensis, Prunuspersicaf.rubro-plena, P. trilobaandAcernegundo, etc. had high capacity in absorption of Cr;Prunustriloba, Quercusmongolica, Salix matsudana, Sambucuswilliamsii, PyrusussuuriensisandSpiraeafritschiana were good at absorption of Hg. This study might offer scientific foundation for selection of urban afforestation species in different polluted conditions caused by heavy metals. Absorption capacity of major urban afforestation species in northeastern China to heavy metal pollutants in the atmosphere . Mu Li-qiang, Sun Hai-yan and Zhu Ning. Journal of Forestry Research . Volume 15, 2004. Number 1, 73-76

  25. MeningkatkanKeindahan Tanamandenganbentuk, warnadanteksturtertentudapatdipadukandenganbenda-bendabuatansepertibangunangedung, jalandanlainnyauntukmendapatkankomposisitertentu. Warnadaun, bunga, ataubuahmenjadikomponen yang kontrasatauuntukmemenuhirancangan yang bergradasilembut. Trees Have Aesthetic Value Trees add beauty to their surroundings by adding color to an area, softening harsh lines of buildings, screening unsightly views and contributing to the character of their environment. Trees have also proven to contribute to a community’s economy and way of life. Depending on species, maturity, quantity and location, property values increase 5 to 15 percent when compared to properties without trees. Trees enhance their surroundings in many ways. Trees planted along and around buildings provide a distraction for the eye, softening the background and screening unsightly views. Trees also contribute eye-catching colors to their surroundings, from the different shades of green found in the leaves, the colors found in flowering trees and sometimes even the bark of the tree. http://urbanforestrynetwork.org/benefits/aesthetic.htm

  26. JenispohondengankemampuanmenyerapTimbalsangatbaik: Jambubatu, Ketapang, danBungur • JenispohondengankemampuanSedanguntukmenyerapTimbal: Mahoni, Mangga, Cemaragunung, Angsana

  27. Jenistumbuhan yang efektifmeredamkebisingansuaraialah yang tajuknyatebaldengandaun yang rindang.

  28. PenahanAngin Hutankotamempunyaikemampuanmengurangikecepatanalirananginkencanghingga 75-80%. Persyaratanjenispohonuntukkeperluaniniadalah (1) memilikidahan yang kuat, biasanyaberatjeniskayunya > 0.4, (2) daunnyatidakmudahrontokolehterpaanangin, (3) akarnyamenghunjamkuatmasukkedalamtanah, (4) mempunyaikerapatan yang cukup (50-60%). POHON MIMBA - PENAHAN ANGIN Selainuntukperindangjalan, kerimbunandanbentukdaun yang kecildanberjumlahbanyak, mampumeredamdanmengurangilajuanggin/badai. Akarnyayang dalamdankokohnyapohonmampumenjadipenahanangin/badaisehinggadapatmengurangikerusakan yang terjadiakibatanginkencangataubadai.

  29. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR KemampuanpohonmenyerapPbdan Zn 15 afforestation trees in Nanjing were studied in absorbing and adsorbing Pb and Zn by ICP instrument. The results showed that the trees could absorb Pb and Zn pollutants in different extent depending on pollutants and tree species. Among 15 studied tree species, Cedrusdeodara and Sabina chinensis had high absorption capacity to Pb, Populus Canadensis Moench to Zn; Cedrusdeodara had higher adsorption capacity to Pb, and Pittosporumtobira to Zn. As for the absorption and adsorption of leaves to Pb, Cedrusdeodara was the strongest, but Populus Canadensis Moench was the strongest in both absorption and adsorption of leaves to Zn. Finally, through comprehesive analysis it was concluded that Pb and Zn accumulation in the leaves of both Populus Canadensis Moench and Cedrusdeodara could be regarded as an important references of the assessment and inspection of Pb and Zn pollution. Tanamandapatmenyerapbaubusuksecaralangsung, pepohonanmampumenahangerakanangin yang mengalirdarisumberbau. Tanamantertentudapatmengeluarkanbauharum yang dapatmenetralisirbaubusuk; jenistanamaninisepertiCempakadanTanjung. Absorption and Adsorption Ability of Leaves of Fifteen Tree Species to Pb and Zn in Nanjing. Liang, SY; Xia, SG; Hu, HB. 2008.

  30. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR Carbon Sequestration: Heat from Earth is trapped in the atmosphere due to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gases that prohibit it from releasing heat into space -- creating a phenomenon known as the "greenhouse effect." Trees remove (sequester) CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to form carbohydrates that are used in plant structure/function and return oxygen back to the atmosphere as a byproduct. About half of the greenhouse effect is caused by CO2. Trees therefore act as a carbon sink by removing the carbon and storing it as cellulose in their trunk, branches, leaves and roots while releasing oxygen back into the air.

  31. HUTAN KOTA MEMPERBAIKI KUALITAS UDARA Carbon Sequestration: Trees also reduce the greenhouse effect by shading our homes and office buildings. This reduces air conditioning needs up to 30%, thereby reducing the amount of fossil fuels burned to produce electricity. This combination of CO2 removal from the atmosphere, carbon storage in wood, and the cooling effect makes trees a very efficient tool in fighting the greenhouse effect. (Sumber: Michigan State University Extension, Urban Forestry #07269501, “Benefits of Urban Trees” )

  32. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR Carbon Sequestration: One tree that shades your home in the city will also save fossil fuel, cutting CO2 buildup as much as 15 forest trees. (National Arbor Day Foundation pamphlet #90980005 ) In one urban park (212 ha), tree cover was found to remove daily 48 lbs particulates, 9 lbs nitrogen dioxide, 6 lbs sulfur dioxide, and 1/2 lbs carbon monoxide. ($136 per day value based upon pollution control technology)

  33. HUTAN KOTA MEMPERBAIKI KUALITAS UDARA Carbon Sequestration: Planting trees remains one of the cheapest, most effective means of drawing excess CO2 from the atmosphere. (Prow, Tina., “The Power of Trees”, Human Environmental Research Laboratory at University of Illinois). A single mature tree can absorb carbon dioxide at a rate of 48 lbs./year and release enough oxygen back into the atmosphere to support 2 human beings. (McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993 )

  34. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR Carbon Sequestration: Each person in the U.S. generates approximately 2.3 tons of CO2 each year. A healthy tree stores about 13 pounds of carbon annually -- or 2.6 tons per acre each year. An acre of trees absorbs enough CO2 over one year to equal the amount produced by driving a car 26,000 miles. An estimate of carbon emitted per vehicle mile is between 0.88 lb. CO2/mi. – 1.06 lb. CO2/mi. (Nowak, 1993). Thus, a car driven 26,000 miles will emit between 22,880 lbs CO2 and 27,647 lbs. CO2. Thus, one acre of tree cover in Brooklyn can compensate for automobile fuel use equivalent to driving a car between 7,200 and 8,700 miles. (Nowak, David J., “Benefits of Community Trees”,  (Brooklyn Trees, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report).

  35. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR Carbon Sequestration: If every American family planted just one tree, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would be reduced by one billion lbs annually. This is almost 5% of the amount that human activity pumps into the atmosphere each year. (American Forestry Association Tree Facts: Growing Greener Cities, 1992. ) The U.S. Forest Service estimates that all the forests in the United States combined sequestered a net of approximately 309 million tons of carbon per year from 1952 to 1992, offsetting approximately 25% of U.S. human-caused emissions of carbon during that period. Over a 50-year lifetime, a tree generates $31,250 worth of oxygen, provides $62,000 worth of air pollution control, recycles $37,500 worth of water, and controls $31,250 worth of soil erosion. (USDA Forest Service Pamphlet #R1-92-100 )

  36. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR • Reduction of Other Air Pollutants: • Trees also remove other gaseous pollutants by absorbing them with normal air components through the stomates in the leaf surface. (International Society of Arboriculture Tree Care Bulletin, Benefits of Trees). • Some of the other major air pollutants and their primary sources are: • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)- Coal burning for electricity/home heating is responsible for about 60 percent of the sulfur dioxide in the air.  Refining and combustion of petroleum products produce 21% of the SO2.

  37. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR • Reduction of Other Air Pollutants: • Ozone (O3) -  is a naturally occurring oxidant, existing in the upper atmosphere. O3 may be brought to earth by turbulence during severe storms, and small amounts are formed by lighting. • Most O3 - and another oxidant, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) - come from the emissions of automobiles and industries, which mix in the air and undergo photochemical reactions in sunlight. High concentrations of O3 and PAN often build up where there are many automobiles.

  38. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR • Reduction of Other Air Pollutants: • Nitrogen oxides - Automotive exhaust is probably the largest producer of NOx. Oxides of nitrogen are also formed by combustion at high temperatures in the presence of two natural components of the air; nitrogen and oxygen. • Particulates are small (<10 microns) particles emitted in smoke from burning fuel, particular diesel, that enters our lungs and cause respiratory problems.(McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993). • There is up to a 60% reduction in street level particulates with trees. (Coder, Dr. Kim D., “Identified Benefits of Community Trees and Forests", University of Georgia, October, 1996.)

  39. URBAN FORESTS IMPROVE OUR AIR Reduction of Other Air Pollutants: In one urban park (212 ha.) tree cover was found to remove daily 48lbs. particulates, 9 lbs nitrogen dioxide, 6 lbs sulfur dioxide, and 2 lb carbon monoxide ($136/day value based upon pollution control technology) and 100 lbs of carbon (Coder, Dr. Kim D., “Identified Benefits of Community Trees and Forests", University of Georgia, October, 1996. ) One sugar maple (12" DBH) along a roadway removes in one growing season 60mg cadmium, 140 mg chromium, 820 mg nickel, and 5200 mg lead from the environment. Planting trees and expanding parklands improves the air quality of Los Angeles county. A total of 300 trees can counter balance the amount of pollution one person produces in a lifetime. (McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993).

  40. URBAN FORESTS PROTECT OUR WATER Trees reduce topsoil erosion, prevent harmful land pollutants contained in the soil from getting into our waterways, slow down water run-off, and ensure that our groundwater supplies are continually being replenished. For every 5% of tree cover added to a community, stormwater runoff is reduced by approximately 2%. (Coder, Dr. Kim D., “Identified Benefits of Community Trees and Forests", University of Georgia, October, 1996).

  41. URBAN FORESTS PROTECT OUR WATER Research by the USFS shows that in a 1 inch rainstorm over 12 hours, the interception of rain by the canopy of the urban forest in Salt Lake City reduces surface runoff by about 11.3 million gallons, or 17%. These values would increase as the canopy increases. Along with breaking the fall of rainwater, tree roots remove nutrients harmful to water ecology and quality (American Forests, “How Trees Fight Climate Change”, 1999).

  42. URBAN FORESTS PROTECT OUR WATER Trees act as  natural pollution filters. Their canopies, trunks, roots, and associated soil and other natural elements of the landscape filter polluted particulate matter out of the flow toward the storm sewers. Reducing the flow of stormwater reduces the amount of pollution that is washed into a drainage area. Trees use nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium--byproducts of urban living--which can pollute streams . (American Forests Magazine, "Trees Tackle Clean Water Regulations",  Summer 2000).

  43. URBAN FORESTS SAVE ENERGY Homeowners that properly place trees in their landscape can realize savings up to 58% on daytime air conditioning and as high as 65% for mobile homes. If applied nationwide to buildings not now benefiting from trees, the shade could reduce our nation’s consumption of oil by 500,000 barrels of oil/day. (American Forests, “The Case For Greener Cities”, Autumn 1999. ) 

  44. HUTAN KOTA MENGHEMAT ENERGI Trees lower local air temperatures by transpiring water and shading surfaces. Because they lower air temperatures, shade buildings in the summer, and block winter winds, they can reduce building energy use and cooling costs. (Nowak, David J., “Urban Trees and Air Quality”, November, 1995)

  45. URBAN FORESTS SAVE ENERGY Help to cool cities by reducing heat sinks. Heat sinks are 6-19 degrees Fo warmer than their surroundings (Global Releaf GA). A tree can be a natural air conditioner. The evaporation from a single large tree can produce the cooling effect of 10 room size air conditioners operating 24 hours/day. (USDA Forest Service Pamphlet #FS-363) USFS estimates the annual effect of well-positioned trees on energy use in conventional houses at savings  between 20-25% when compared to a house in a wide-open area. (USFS meteorologist Gordon Heisler) (American Forests, “How Trees Fight Climate Change”, 1999)

  46. URBAN FORESTS SAVE ENERGY The maximum potential annual savings from energy conserving landscapes around a typical residence ranged from 13% in Madison up to 38% in Miami. Projections suggest that 100 million additional mature trees in US cities (3 trees for every unshaded single family home) could save over $2 billion in energy costs per year. (McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993 ).

  47. URBAN FORESTS CAN INCREASE TRAFFIC SAFETY Trees can also enhance traffic calming measures, such as narrower streets, extended curbs, roundabouts, etc. Tall trees give the perception of making a street feel narrower, slowing people down. Closely spaced trees give the perception of speed (they go by very quickly) slowing people down. A treeless street enhances the perception of a street being wide and free of hazard, thereby increasing speeds. Increased speed leads to more accidents. Trees can serve as a buffer between moving vehicles and pedestrians.  Street trees also forewarn drivers of upcoming curves. If the driver sees tree trunks curving ahead before seeing the road curve, they will slow down and be more cautious when approaching curves. (National Arbor Day Foundation pamphlet #90980005 )

  48. URBAN FORESTS CAN IMPROVE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY The scope and condition of a community's trees and, collectively, its urban forest, is usually the first impression a community projects to its visitors. A community's urban forest is an extension of its pride and community spirit. Studies have shown that: Trees enhance community economic stability by attracting businesses and tourists. People linger and shop longer along tree-lined streets. Apartments and offices in wooded areas rent more quickly and have higher occupancy rates. Businesses leasing office spaces in developments with trees find their workers are more productive and absenteeism is reduced. (Michigan State University Extension, Urban Forestry #07269501, “Benefits of Urban Trees” )

  49. URBAN FORESTS CAN INCREASE REAL ESTATE VALUES Property values increase 5-15% when compared to properties without trees (depends on species, maturity, quantity and location) A 1976 study that evaluated the effects of several different variables on homes in Manchester, Connecticut, found that street trees added about $2686 or 6% to the sale price of a home (McAliney, Mike. Arguments for Land Conservation: Documentation and Information Sources for Land Resources Protection, Trust for Public Land, Sacramento, CA, December, 1993 ). A more recent study indicated that trees added $9,500, or more than 18 percent, to the average sale price of a residence in a suburb of Rochester, New York. (Nowak, David J., “Benefits of Community Trees”,  (Brooklyn Trees, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report).

  50. URBAN FORESTS CAN INCREASE SOCIOLOGICAL BENEFITS Two University of Illinois researchers (Kuo and Sullivan) studied how well residents of the Chicago Robert Taylor Housing Project (the largest public housing development in the world) were doing in their daily lives based upon the amount of contact they had with trees, and came to the following conclusions:   Trees have the potential to reduce social service budgets, decrease police calls for domestic violence, strengthen urban communities, and decrease the incidence of child abuse according to the study.

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