Selection Internal Organization Rehearsal Meaningful Learning

1. Cognitive Processes That Help Get Information Into Long-Term Memory Storage Selection Internal Organization Rehearsal Meaningful Learning Elaboration Visual Imagery

2. Selection What is Important ? Learners must choose carefully when selecting New knowledge from the environment. What Is Not ?

3. How Can Teachers Help Learners Select Important Information? • Assess prior knowledge • Focus students attention • Pre-Organize information • Engage students meaningfully • Self-generate knowledge • Monitor understanding • Practice, practice • Provide timely feedback • Interact socially • Equate learning/Performance • contexts

4. Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal of new knowledge will lead to storage in the Long-Term Memory if the learner connects it with existing knowledge.

5. How Can the Learner use rehearsal to move new information into Long-Term Memory? • Work with small bites of information • Keep attention focused on new information • Rehearse new information by rephrasing key points Encoding occurs when the learner actively uses the new information in ways that relate to the existing knowledge already in Long-Term Memory.

6. Elaboration • Learning more than the actual material presented; involves adding • detail which could be fictional, to the information to be remembered. • Provides and additional means for retrieval of information if the more direct retrieval route fails. • Using new information and existing knowledge to construct a sensible explanation of and event.

7. Types of Elaboration • Imaging- create a mental picture • Method of Loci (locations)—connect ideas or things to objects located in familiar places. • Peg-word- method (number, rhyming schemes)— • Connect things to be remembered to specific words (one-bun, two-shoe etc) • Rhyming-(songs, phrases)—use rhymes to remember. (thirty days hath Sept, April, June and Nov. etc.) • Initial Letter- the first letter of each word in a list is used to make a sentence (the sillier, the better).

8. Mnemonic Strategies • Memory techniques that can be used to memorize important information for long term memory retention and retrieval of information.

9. Meaningful Learning • Relating new information to existing knowledge gives meaning to new information (understanding). • Meaningful learning takes place when new information is stored with other pieces of similar or related information. • Meaningful learning facilitates both storage and retrieval. New information Existing knowledge Understanding

10. Internal Organization Organizing new information provides effective storage, when the pieces are interconnected.

11. Visual Imagery • Forming mental images of information to explain what was seen or heard to help the learner understand and remember. • Stored quickly and retained for extended periods. • Not always an accurate representation of information, images tend to be less clear than the original.