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The Height of IMPERIALISM 1800-1914. Intro:.
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The Height of IMPERIALISM1800-1914
Intro: Industrialization stirred ambitions in many European nations. They wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. They competed for new markets for their good. They looked to Africa and Asia as sources of the raw materials and as markets for cloth, plows, guns, an other industrial products.
The 19th century Europeans have access to steam engines and medical advance. They have the technical know-how to develop the resources to make themselves great profits. Many believe they also have the right and the responsibility to develop the lands and cultures in less advanced areas of the world.
During this era, countries began to compete for world power. To be a major player during this time, a country had to subjugate (control) weaker countries (colonies). Great Britain and Germany controlled some countries in Africa, Great Britain controlled all of India. France controlled some countries in Southeast Asia. Spain controlled Mexico, and the US became an empire when it acquired the Philippines and territory in the Caribbean. American influence in Central and South America grew as the US took a more active role in Latin American affairs.
Imperialism Definition: economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations; gaining a worldwide empire by gaining colonies ---- greed for colonies
This “new imperialism”, as historians have called it, was not content to have trading posts & agreements, as the old imperialism was, but wanted DIRECT RULE over territories. At the same time, almost all of Western Europe had industrialized and began looking overseas for places (Africa & Asia) to sell their products. Some areas became colonies.
Imperialistic Motives 1. desire for new markets - expanding trade need for natural resources, need for markets, place for growing populations, place to invest profits. 2. feeling of superiority (Social Darwinism): to spread Christianity, to share western civilization customs “white man’s burden”: the belief that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive peoples
3. Need for strategic military bases Bases for trade & navy ships, power & security of global empire, spirit of nationalism. 4. European competition: Science/Invention: New weapons, new medicines, improved ships.
Look at maps on pages 649 and 655 Identify the most imperialistic countries: Great Britain France Germany
Scramble for Africa It began in 1880s. The discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and gold and other valuable resources in 1886 in South Africa increased European interest in colonizing the land. NO European power wanted to be left out of the race. The competition was so fierce that European countries feared war among themselves. To prevent fighting 14 European nations met and to lay down rules for the division of Africa at the Berlin Conference in 1884-85: Any European country who wanted to claim any African land had to prove they could financially control the area.
Legacy of Imperialism in Africa • Positives • Improved Medicine and Nutrition leads to explosion in populationModern Transportation (railroad) • Communications (telephones) • Improved Education • Greater Economic Opportunities • Negatives • Lost of traditional African culture • Africans were treated as inferior • Europeans divided Africa ignoring tribal, ethnic and cultural boundaries
The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were: Ethiopia and Liberia
British Rule in India India became economically valuable to the British after they had established a railroad network. Plantation crops included tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, wheat, and opium (which was shipped to China and exchanged for tea and then sold in England). The Sepoy Mutiny in 1858-Sepoys revolted against British rule causing the British gov’t to take direct command of India until 1947.
Positive and Negative Effects Positive: British rule in India brought order and stability to a society that had been badly divided by civil war. The British built railroads and roads. They improved communications: they brought telephones, telegraph, postal service; built schools
Negative: Imperialism caused racism, economic hardships, and it contributed to the growth of nationalism and a desire to self-rule.
Mohandas Gandhi Gandhi protested British laws by using methods of civil disobedience using non-violent protest (refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust). In 1919, the protest led to violence and British troops killed 100s of unarmed protesters. To protest British laws, Gandhi told his people: “Don’t pay your taxes or send your children to an English-supported school . . . Make your own cotton cloth by spinning the thread at home, and don’t buy English salt, and do not buy gov’t made salt.” Gandhi’s movement led to Indian independence.
Spanish-American War 1898 – US declares war on Spain
Cuba – Spanish colony; Cuba wants independence • Americans support Cuban rebels • Spain sends troops to Cuba and appoints Gen. Valeriano Wyler (El Carnicero) to serve as Governor. • Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal competed fiercely to increase circulation through exaggeration of Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
MAJOR CAUSES: 1. Yellow Journalism: type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers 2. Pres. McKinley sends the Maine to Havana in case Americans had to be evacuated • February 1898 –Maine explodes and Americans blame Spain (252 men died) -- Americans blame it was external; Spanish say it was internal (spontaneous combustion) • “Remember the Maine! And to Hell with Spain!” April 1898 – US declares war on Spain -- Congress declares Cuba independent, demanded that Spain withdraw from Cuba.
Chief battle * Santiago de Cuba Results of the war • Cost $250 million • 2,000+ men killed (only 15% died during battle) • Treaty of Paris signed Dec. 10, 1898 -- Spain granted Cuba its freedom -- Spain ceded Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the U.S. (U.S. paid Spain $20 mill. For the Philippines Islands) • anti-imperialists opposed the annexations
Diplomacy in Asia: **1899 the US was a major power in Asia, w/naval bases all across the Pacific – The US Navy became 3rd largest in the world – and was able to exert power anywhere in East Asia ** Balancing power in east Asia – T. Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for negotiating peace between Russia and Japan
Expansion in the Pacific As ships traveling between China and the US stopped in Hawaii to allow their crews to rest and to take on supplies, settlers noticed that the climate and soil in Hawaii were suitable for growing sugarcane. The US Senate ratified a trade treaty that exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs after Hawaii was struck with severe recession. Meaning Higher Profits! When the treaty came up for renewal, the senate insisted that the Hawaiians grant the US exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor.
In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani ascended the throne and unsuccessfully reasserted her authority as ruler of the Hawaiian people and the monarchy was overthrown by a group of planters supported by the US marines. They overthrew Queen Liliuokalani because she wanted to restore the political power to native Hawaiians. 1898 – US annexed Ha waii
Nation Building in Latin America Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1810 (p. 672)
Batalla de Puebla, 5 de Mayo, 1865 • 1860s; Benito Juárez brought reforms to MX, including land distribution to the poor
Mexican Revolution: • Porfirio Diaz becomes president of MX 1876-1911 • Francisco I. Madero overthrew Diaz to gain control of Mx (1910)
It took 10 years to build, finished in 1914; stretches 50 miles across, required 40k workers, cost $390 mill. -- the construction of a canal through Central America was viewed by many as vital to American power in the world ** the canal would save time and money for both commercial and military shipping
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