Imperialism (1800-1914)

1. Imperialism (1800-1914) Chapter 21 Sections 1-3

2. What is imperialism? • What is imperialism? • The extension of a nation’s power over other lands • Goal is to extend the nation’s power and dominate world politics and economics • Why did imperialism increase after 1880? • Wanted more markets and raw materials for their industries and direct control of these areas • Gain advantage, politically and economically, over rivals • Racism and Social Darwinism • Religious motives – responsibility to civilize primitive people

4. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • By 1900, Southeast Asia was almost entirely run by Western countries • Great Britain • Founded colony of Singapore in 1819 • Became a major trade port • Expanded west to protect possessions in India and to create trade route through southern China • Takes control over Burma

5. British Colonial Empire

6. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • France • France has missionaries in Vietnam • Alarmed by Britain’s move to monopolize trade • To stop British from moving into Vietnam, forced Vietnamese to accept French protection • Vietnam becomes a French protectorate • A political unit that depends on another government for its protection • Extends control to Cambodia and Laos • Thailand (Siam) remains free

7. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • United States • Spanish-American War (1898) • President McKinley believed it was his moral obligation to civilize other parts of the world • Philippines becomes an American colony

8. France United States

9. Ruling the Colonies • Governed by either direct rule or indirect rule • Indirect rule – Local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and statues • Lower cost of government • Less effect on local culture • Direct rule – Local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of rulers brought from the mother country • Used when local officials resisted the foreign conquest

10. Colonial Economies • Colonial powers didn’t want colonists developing their own industries • Stressed the export of raw materials • Workers’ wages kept low on plantations to increase owner’s profits • Thousands died due to unhealthy conditions • Colonial rule did bring some benefits • Built railroads, highways • Creation of an entrepreneurial class in colonies • Some wealth in colonies develops

11. Resistance to Colonial Rule • Initial resistance comes from ruling class of colonial country • Peasant revolts to resist being driven off their lands • These movements initially fail • Beginning of 1900s a new resistance, based on nationalism, is more successful • Begin trying to protect culture, interests of natives • Later demand independence – 1930s

12. Empire Building in Africa • Between 1880 and 1900, Africa becomes dominated by European rule • West Africa • Dominated by slave trade, but declines in the 1800s • Slave trade illegal in United States and Britain (1808) • Growing European presence due to natural resources • Peanuts, timber, hides, palm oil • France controls much of West Africa

13. Empire Building in Africa • North Africa • Egyptians seeking independence • Europeans want to build a canal to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas • French sign a contract to build the Suez Canal • After canal is built, Britain takes an interest • Saw is as their “lifeline to India” • Britain eventually dominates North Africa

14. Empire Building in Africa • Central Africa • Belgium dominates Central Africa • East Africa • Britain and Germany are rivals in East Africa • Berlin Conference allows both to stay – no African delegates were present • South Africa • Area of largest population of white Europeans • Dutch (aka Boers) and British dominate, battle with Zulu • British battle with Dutch and Zulu, win and create an independent Union of South Africa

16. Colonial Rule in Africa • By 1914, only independent African countries were Liberia and Ethiopia • Most European governments ruled with indirect rule • Britain used this in most areas, while other nations used a form of direct rule

17. Rise of African Nationalism • New class of leaders emerges in Africa in 1900s • Educated in colonial schools or Western countries • Eager to introduce Western ideas and institutions • Resented foreigners and their arrogance • Recognized gap between theory and practice in colonial policies of democracy and equality • Europeans express superiority in many ways • Segregated facilities • Lower salaries for Africans than Europeans in same jobs

18. Sepoy Mutiny • British East India Company had its own soldiers, but also hired sepoys, Indian soldiers, to protect the company’s interests in the regions • 1857 – growing distrust of British led to a revolt • Immediate cause was a rumor about new bullets • Sepoys refused to use them and were arrested • Sepoys went on a rampage and killed 50 Europeans • Revolt spread quickly, casualties high on both sides • Parliament transferred power to British government • People of India were now colonial subjects

19. British Colonial Rule in India • British government ruled India directly through a viceroy, a governor who rules as the representative of a monarch • Benefits of British rule • Brought order and stability to a country divided • New school system was set up • Introduced railroads, telegraph, postal service • Costs of British rule • British manufactured goods destroyed local industry • Forced farmers to grow cotton rather than food, decreasing the food supply • Disrespect for Indian culture

20. Indian Nationalist Movement • First Indian nationalists were upper class and English-educated • Pushed for reform first, but it was too slow-moving, so turned to revolution • Indian National Congress (INC) • Worked toward independence for all Indians • Still not very successful • MahandasGhandi brings new life to struggle for independence • Movement based on nonviolent resistance would eventually bring independence to India

21. Imperialism