Transoceanic Encounters

1. Transoceanic Encounters Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Easier Exploration • Ship Building • Stronger, more maneuverable ships • Square sails, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudders • Navigational Instruments • Magnetic compass • Astrolabe and cross staffs • Allowing the measuring of lines of latitude • Navigational Techniques • Better knowledge of currents and winds (wind wheels) • Trade winds by the equator blow easterly, further away westerly • Monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean • Volta do mar

4. Circumnavigation • Portuguese sail around Cape of Good Hope, control IOTS • Columbus establishes trans-Atlantic routes • Ferdinand Magellan • Magellan sailed for Portugal through Indian Ocean • Wanted to establish western route to Asia, sponsored by Spain • Follows Columbus’s route, probes S. America, enters Pacific • Long voyage through Pacific proves deadly for many crew members • Magellan dies in Philippines after he’s caught in local political fight • Crew returns to Spain via more familiar Indian Ocean route • Magellan’s crew = first to circumnavigate globe

5. Age of European Exploration • Spanish establish trading route b/w Mex. & Philippines • Spain does not explore greater Pacific Ocean • Other Europeans seek new routes b/w Europe & Asia • English & French explorers seek elusive “Northwest Passage” • 1500s: Sir Francis Drake explores west coast of N. America • 1700s: Danish Vitus Bering sails for Russia, Alaska & Canada • Captain James Cook • Sails for England and charts Australia, New Zealand, Oceania

7. Europeans Trade In Asia • Explorations allow Europeans to travel entire world • Europeans see potential for new commercial markets • Establish fortified trading posts in Eastern Hemisphere • Not powerful, large enough, to establish complete control • Russians expand over land to take large parts of central/east Asia • Portuguese first to establish large trading empire • The English and Dutch pose a threat to Portuguese hegemony, establish parallel networks • English and Dutch ships = cheaper, faster, more powerful • Joint-Stock Companies more efficient, profitable • English/British East India Company • United (Dutch) East India Company (VOC)

8. European Conquest In Asia • Portuguese attempts to control Indian Ocean trade fails • Europeans, unable to dominate Asia, trade peacefully • Early colonizing efforts only realized in Southeast Asia • The Spanish Philippines • 1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi names islands after Philip II • Conquers most of the Philippine archipelago by 1575 • Manila established as cosmopolitan trade port • Chinese goods shipped from Manila to Mexico • Spread Christianity, Filipinos become fervent Catholics • Dutch Java • Dutch seeks to control trade in cloves, nutmeg, and mace • Jan PieterszoonCoen founds Batavia as main VOC port • Impose ruthless control over all spice trade in Indonesia • VOC & the Netherlands grow extremely rich from spice trade

10. Russian Expansion • Russians do not follow maritime empire model • Dominate Eurasia, conquering Mongol khanates in C. Asia • Establish trade with Ottoman Empire, Iran, India • Conquer the Caucasus, establishing control of Caspian Sea • Russian Siberia • Siberian fur in high demand, Russians seek control of trade • Stroganov family hires Yermak opening further exploration • Siberian peoples subsisted on trapping, hunting, fishing • Important for the delivery of fur to Russian merchants • Population greatly diminished by war and disease from Russians • Russian government seeks to protect “small peoples” • Orthodox missionaries attempt to convert Siberians to Christianity

12. Trade and Conflict • Competition among European nations to est. markets • Quest to monopolize creates tension • Dutch sips dominate Indian Ocean, expel Portuguese • Prevent English from establishing spice markets • 1700s: Indian cotton, tea = more profitable than spices • English & French compete to control India, Ceylon • English & French ships outnumber Dutch ships • 1746: French seize Indian port city of Madras from British • British takes back control after Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle • Hostilities part of much larger War of Austrian Succession • British & French also fight over claims in North America, sugar islands in Caribbean

13. Great Britain & the British East India Co. France & the French East India Co. vs.

14. War of Austrian Succession • Kingdom of Prussia • Kingdom of France • Kingdom of Spain • Habsburg Austria • United Kingdom of Great Britain • Holy Roman Empire • Dutch Republics • Empire of Russia

15. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • European rivalries erupt into multi-theater war • Fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & North America • Called the “French & Indian War” in the United States • Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle breaks down • Austrians upset about losing territory of Silesia to Prussia • French & British hostilities ongoing • Switch allies to fight another global war • Prussia & Austria mostly fight in Europe • British & French fight mostly in India & Americas • British win, take French colonies in N. America • Also take Florida from Spain, Spanish get to keep Cuba • Great Britain emerges as most dominant European power

16. Seven Years’ War • Habsburg Austria • Kingdom of France • Kingdom of Spain • Russia • Mughal Empire • Kingdom of Prussia • United Kingdom of Great Britain • Portugal • Sweden • Iroquois Confederacy

19. Globalization of Trade • European merchants connect far flung markets • Europeans conduct trade within Asia & Americas • Emergence of transoceanic slave trade Africa to Americas • Global trade has adverse environmental effects • Fur animals decrease in numbers • Deer, seals, walruses, whales, other valuable animals decrease • Natural resources exploited • Columbian Exchange