Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

1. Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Chapter 22

2. I. The Exploration of the World’s Ocean

3. Motives of Exploration Aka “God, Glory, Gold” The Lure of Trade Missionary Effects Portuguese Exploration • Another goal was to • Establish maritime trade • Routes to the markets of • Asia. • Finding direct routes meant • Elimination of Muslim • Intermediaries, giving Europeans • More profits • Also looked for more direct • Access to markets, trying again • To avoid Muslim • The goal of expanding • Christianity also motivated • Europeans into the larger • World. • Persuasion or Violence • Were ways of spreading the • Faith • Prince Henry the Navigator • Promoted Christianity in Africa • Justified and reinforced • Material motives. • Portuguese explorers • Wanted to exploit & • New lands • Voyages led to the • Establishment of • Plantations on more • Southernly Atlantic Islands

4. Technology and Exploration Knowledge of Winds And Currents & Volta Do Mar Ships and Sails Navigational Instruments • Determined navigational • Possibilities. • Took advantage of prevailing • Winds and currents to sail to almost • Any part of the earth • Volta do Mar- sailing around • The contrary winds • Faster, safer, easier, and reliable • Different types of sails • Allowed for better forms • Of navigation • Square sails, triangular • Lateen sails • Important • Navigational instruments • Include the astrolabe • And compass

5. Voyages of Exploration: from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Christopher Columbus & Hemispheric Links Vasco de Gama Prince Henry of Portugal • Made it all the way • Into the India Ocean • Est. trading post at • Calicut in the Indian • Ocean Basin • English & Dutch • Followed Portuguese • Into the Indian Ocean • Basin • Argued that sailing west • Would be closer, profitable, • Sponsored by Italian • Bankers and Ferdinand & • Isabel • San Salvador, Taino“Indians” • Columbus’ voyage est links • Between eastern & western • Hemispheres • Conquest, settlement, • exploitation • Prince Henry of Portugal: • Moroccan ports of Ceuta, • Voyages down W. Africa • Bartolomeu Dias: rounded • Cape of Good and Indian • Ocean and turned back • Route to Indian Ocean • Gave merchants opportunity • To buy silk, spices and pepper • At source

6. Voyage of Exploration: from the Atlantic to the Pacific Exploration of the Pacific Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation CaptainJamesCook • Took 3 centuries to • Chart the features of • The Pacific did not • Provide much trade • English explorers • Searched for northwest • Passage from Europe to • Asia • Felt Asian markets • Were close to west • Coast of Americas • First to circumnavi- • gate the world-going • Across the world • Led many expeditions • Through the Pacific • Had many interactions • With Polynesian islands • And peoples (Hawaii, Tahiti, • Conga)

7. II. Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

8. Trading Posts English and Dutch Trading Posts Portuguese Trading Posts & Afonsod’Alboquerque Trading Companies • Portuguese mariners didn’t • Want to conquer territories • But to control trade routes by • Having others pay duties. • Afonsod’Alboquerque wanted • Merchant ships to purchase safe- • Conduct passes • Didn’t have enough forces to • enforce Commanders orders • English East Indian • Company & United • East India Company • Aka VOC • Gov’t support but • Are privately owned • Charters could: • Buy, sell, build and make • War • Early global network • Of trade. • Built trading posts • On Asian coasts • English focused most • Trading posts on India • Dutch in Cape Town and • Southern Africa • English and Dutch • Sailed faster, cheaper, • More powerful ships • Created joint stock • companies

9. European Conquests in Southeast Asia Manila Conquest of Java Conquest of Philippines • 1565 Legazpi lands in • Philippines • Philippines has no central • Gov’t • Spanish forces controlled • Coastal regions • Multi-cultural port • City • Hub of Spanish • Commercial activity • Goal also to spread • Christianity • Controlled by Dutch • Mariners • Wanted to control • Spice trade in the area

10. Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia The Russian Occupation Of Siberia Encounters in Siberia Native Peoples of Siberia • Russian acquisitions in • Northeastern Eurasia • Lucrative commodity was • fur • 26 major ethnic groups • Russian adventurers • Wanted tribute from groups • Raided and took them for • hostage • Russian gov’t begin to see • Importance of “small peoples” • And begin to protect them • For their benefit • Tried to push Christianity • On indigenous people. • Those who were • a part of Siberia included • Social misfits, criminals, • POWs

11. Commercial Rivalries and the Seven Years War Seven Years War (1756-1763) Competition AND Conflict British Hegemony • Dutch Vessels • Prominent in the Indian • Ocean & controlled spice • Trade • English and French were • Dominant carriers in the • Indian Ocean • Commercial conflict led to • Conflict in the Caribbean & • Americas. • Constant fight in the area • Global conflict: • Europe, India, Caribbean, • North America • Laid foundation for • 150 years of British • Imperial hegemony • Merged w/conflict • During French & Indian • War • British begin to take • Over areas all over the world • (India, Canada, Caribbean

12. III. Ecological Exchanges

13. The Colombian Exchange (GLOBAL DIFFUSION of plants, Crops, animals, human population And disease pathogens) Epidemic Disease and Population Decline Food Crops and Animals & American Crops Biological Exchanges • Altered world’s human • Geography and natural • Environment • Disease brought sharp • Demographic loss to • Indigenous peoples of the • Americas • Smallpox, measles, flu • Epidemics destroyed • Societies • Worst demographic • Calamity the world had • Seen in W. History. • Eurasia West: wheat, rice • Sugar, bananas, apples, cherries • Peaches • EuropeWest: dairy, horses, • Cattle, pigs • AmericaEurasia/Europe/AFRICA: • Maize, potatoes, beans, peppers, • Papayas, avocado

14. The Colombian Exchange (GLOBAL DIFFUSION of plants, Crops, animals, human population And disease pathogens) Population Growth and Migration • Plants and animals fueled a surge in world population • Population growth due to increased nutritional value • Of diets • Also spread the human populations voluntarily and • Involuntarily • Triangular Trade

15. The Origins of Global Trade Environmental Effects Of Global Trade Transoceanic Trade Manila Galleons • Emergence of global • Trading system • Many animals • Came close to extinction • World became • Exploited by humans • For its natural and • Agricultural resources • Manila and Philippines • And Acapulco on the West • Coast • Exchanges between • Mexico and Asia