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Urbanization and Megacities in China: Trends and Development Strategies

Explore the urbanization and megacity trends in China, including population growth, city size grading, economic development, and energy consumption patterns. This symposium delves into the challenges and opportunities in the development of Chinese megacities.

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Urbanization and Megacities in China: Trends and Development Strategies

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  1. ReVISIONS International Symposium, 18-19 June 2012, USP, São Paulo Mega-city Development in China Mao Qizhi, Dr. Professor School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

  2. Growth Rates of Urban Agglomerations in the World 1970-2011 2011-2025 World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

  3. Content 1. Urbanization and Megacities in China 2. Planning Practice of Megacity Regions’ Development in China Conclusion

  4. 1. Urbanization and Megacities in China 1.1 Population and urbanization 1.2 City size grading and megacities 1.3 Economic development and energy consumption

  5. 1.1 Population and urbanization By the end of 2011, China had had 657 cities officially designated, and 19,683 towns. According to the 2011 Communiqué that published by the National Bureau of Statistics, total urban population numbered 690.79 million, accounting for 51.3 percent. China's urbanization level exceeded 50%, marking a historic change in the country's social structure.

  6. Geographic Distribution of Resident Population Density in China (2010) Total population: 1,370,536,875 persons (1,339,724,852 in mainland) GD 104 m SD96 m HN94 m SC80 m JS79 m HB72 m (unit: person/km2) Data at the prefecture level Data from the Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics, April 28, 2011

  7. Speed of urban population growth and urbanization level according to six times national population census (1953 – 2010) Migrants reached 260 million and most were peasant workers Urbanization level = 49.68% ？ 1.35% 0.98% 0.69% 0.15% 0.46% 1953 1964 1982 1990 2000 2010

  8. Total population increment Urban population increment

  9. Principle of city development in China To take a path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics while promoting balanced development of large, medium-sized and small cities and towns on the principle of balancing urban and rural development, ensuring rational distribution, saving land, providing a full range of functions and getting larger cities to help smaller ones. Focusing on increasing the overall carrying capacity of cities, to form city clusters with megacities as the core to boost development in other areas and become new poles of economic growth.

  10. 1.2 City size grading and megacities In China, cities size by which have a non-agricultural population in its city districts and inner suburban areas: small cities, under 200,000 inhabitants medium-sized cities, 200,000 – 500,000 large cites, over 500,000 inhabitants megacity, over one million inhabitants super-city, over two million inhabitants

  11. Jing-Jin-Ji Region Yangtze Delta Pearl R. Delta 中国城镇分布现状图 Existed City Map of China There are total 657 cities and 19,683 towns in end of 2011. The Sixth National Census shows total 30 cities had more than 8 million permanent residents and 13 had over 10 million. On nonagricultural population of the cities, 10 more than 4 million, 14 had 2-4 million, and 39 had 1-2 million. Chengdu-Chongqing

  12. Ranking of Top-ten Mega-cities in China based on non-agricultural population of city districts in 2010 (unit: million) Note: other seven over 10 million permanent resident cities based on the 6th National Population Census are: Baoding, 11.19 million; Harbin, 10.64 million; Suzhou, 10.47 million; Shenzhen, 10.36 million; Nanyang, 10.26 million; Shijiazhuang, 10.16 million; and Linyi, 10.04 million.

  13. Geographic Distribution of Megacities in China (urban district non-agriculture residents over one million in 2010) City size > 8 million (2) 4-8 million (10) 2-4 million (14) 1-2 million (39) Total 65 megacities

  14. Comparison of Non-Agriculture Population in Different Sized Cities in China (2010)

  15. Growth in Megacities in the World Guangzhou and Shenzhen have more than 10 million inhabitants in recent years

  16. 1.3 Economic development and energy consumption In 2011, the GDP was USD 7,485 billion, Per capita GDP wasUSD 5,556 average. Energy consumption was 3.48 billion tons SCE, Per capita energy consumption was 2.58 tonsSCE. Energy consumption per RMB10,000 Yuan GDP dropped from 1.22 ton SCE in 2005 to 0.74 ton SCE in 2011. In 2011, China produced 3.18 billion tons SCE of primary energy The country imported 254 million tons crude oil, and China’s outward dependence on petroleum increased to 56.5%.

  17. Composition of the Energy Consumption in China (1990-2010)

  18. Annual per Capita Energy Production and Consumption in China (1990-2010)

  19. rural urban Population incomes’ comparison by urban and rural in provinces (2010) East average Northeast average In 2010, the average per capita annual disposable income of urban population was 19,109 Yuan RMB (USD 2,850), and the average per capita annual net income of rural population was 5,919 Yuan RMB (USD 880), the gap is 3.23:1. Middle average West average

  20. Urbanization patterns play such a key role in the link between urban-life energy consumption: daily trip distances to amenities and the work place are mostly determined by the size and layout of the city; density of daily trips on main routes and the density of heating demand are mostly determined by a city’s population, compactness and spatial layout; building floor area is a driver of total building energy consumption. features such as building type, glazing, and natural ventilation are mostly determined by urban design and layout.

  21. World Urban Forum 5 The right to the city: bridging the urban divide Under the Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction by the year 2015, governments agreed that these combined with high quality urban planning and good governance are the best way forward for a better urban future.

  22. 2. Planning Practice of Megacity Region Development in China 2.1 City clusters and urban regions planning 2.2 Practice of green and eco-city development

  23. 2.1 City clusters and urban regions planning National Urban System Plan (2006-2020) ---- Urban development spatial structural planning

  24. Map of China’s Urbanization Strategic Pattern ---- planning of national major function oriented zone (2010)

  25. 未来京津冀地区空间发展结构示意图 Urban-Rural Spatial Development Strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region has 216,000 sq. km land and lived 104 million people

  26. Yangtze River Delta Regional Planning (2009-2020) urban system & general layout Yangtze River Delta Region has 211,000 sq. km land area and lived 156 million people

  27. Greater Pearl River Delta Region has 181,000 sq. km land area and lived 110 million people Greater Pearl River Delta Regional Planning

  28. Chengdu—Chongqing Economic Zone Planning 成渝经济区区域规划（2011—2020） Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone has 206,000 sq. km land area and lived 93 million people

  29. 2.2 Practice of green and eco-city development • Promoting a policy of energy-saving and emission reduction and improving growth quality to develop green and eco-city. Activities include: • - solar energy roof project, • - subsidizing renewal of old buildings for energy-saving, • - rebuilding heating systems in northern China, • monitoring & improving public buildings’ energy use, • - developing green and low energy buildings, • water-saving city campaigns, • car-free day movement, • - electing green traffic cities.

  30. Wu Liangyong presented framework of the Science of Human Settlements, insists to integrate rural and urban development, and to achieve general, systematic and comprehensive results. Framework of the Science of Human Settlements

  31. Beijing City Region Studies --- Wu Liangyong Beijing Tanshan Tianjin Binhai New Area Caofeidian A Real City Planning Must be a Regional Planning ----Lewis Mumford

  32. Sino-Singapore Eco-city of the Tianjin Binhai New Area Master Plan of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (2008) Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and SingaporeSenior Minister Goh Chok Tong presented the Sino-Singapore Eco-city opening ceremony in Tianjin, China.

  33. Tangshan Caofeidian Eco-city Two Cores Spatial Structure Plan of Tangshan----Location of Caofeidian Tangshan Caofeidian Eco-city Master Plan (2008-2020)

  34. Conclusion Shanghai World Expo 2010 has made millions of people recognize that cities can become healthier and safer, urban residents can have access to cleaner air and water, and better life. Chinaused limited energy to support the national economy development steadily and rapidly. However, there are still fundamental problems which remainunsolved. Facing the above challenges, how can wedevelop new eco-cities while exploringa balanced urbanization approach between large, medium, and small sized cities and towns? It is a heavy responsibility and there is a long way to go.

  35. Towards an Equitable, Prosperous and Sustainable City for the 21st century Sustainable development is not an option! It is the only path that allows all of humanity to share a decent life on this, one planet. Theme of the WUF6: The Urban Future —— Balancing ecology, economy and equity

  36. ReVISIONS International Symposium, 18-19 June 2012, USP, São Paulo Many Thanks！

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