Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix

1. VisualizingJapanese GrammarAppendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University

2. The table to the right shows various basic forms of i-adjectives, using takai “expensive” as the example. Conjugations of i-adjectives I-adjectives Direct forms 高い（たかい） It is expensive. 高かった It was expensive. 高くない It is not expensive. 高くなかった It was not expensive. Polite forms 高いです It is expensive. 高かったです It was expensive. 高くないです 高くありません It is not expensive. 高くなかったです 高くありませんでした It was not expensive. • The following forms also pattern as adjectival stems: ja na(i) “not,” dewa na(i) “not,” ta(i) “want to,” yasu(i) “easy to,” niku(i) “hard to,” dzura(i) “hard to,” te hoshi(i) “want someone to,” and rashi(i) “looks like.” 高 Stem Adverb (ku-form) 高く 高くて 高くなくて te-form Neg. te-form 高ければ Hypothetical Neg. hypothetical 高くなければ

3. The diagram to the right shows various basic ways nouns appear, using hon “book” as the example. Conjugations of nouns Nouns Direct forms 本だ It is a book. 本だった It was a book. 本じゃない It is not a book. 本じゃなかった It was not a book. • The following types and forms are also treated as nouns or noun phrases: watashi-nohon “my book,” omoshiroi hon “interesting book,” yonda hon “books that I read,” onaji “same,” byôki “sick, sickness,” and tada “free of charge.” • The patterns containing the following forms at the end are also treated as na-adjectives: hazu (expectation), tsumori (intention). Polite forms 本です It is a book. 本でした 本だったです It was a book. 本じゃないです 本じゃありません It is not a book. 本じゃなかったです 本じゃありませんでした It was not a book. 本じゃなくて te-form 本で Neg. te-form 本じゃなければ 本なら Hypothetical Neg. hypothetical

4. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of na-adjectives, using kirei “clean” as the example. • Na-adjectives are essentially nouns. The difference only appears before another noun: na-adjectives appear with na, regular nouns with no. Conjugations of na-adjectives Na-adjectives Direct forms きれいだ It is a book. きれいだった It was a book. きれいじゃない It is not a book. きれいじゃなかった It was not a book. きれいです It is a book. きれいでした きれいだったです It was a book. きれいじゃないです きれいじゃありません It is not a book. きれいじゃなかったです きれいじゃありませんでした It was not a book. Polite forms • The patterns containing the following forms at the end are also treated as na-adjectives: yô (appearance), mitai (appearance), sô (intuitive judgment), teki (similarity). きれいじゃなくて te-form きれいで Neg. te-form きれいなら Hypothetical Neg. hypothetical きれいじゃなければ

5. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of one-step verbs, using taberu “eat” as the example. Conjugations of one-step verbs One-step verbs Direct forms 食べる（たべる） I eat. 食べた I ate. 食べない I do not eat. 食べなかった I did not eat. 食べます I eat. 食べました I ate. 食べません I do not eat. 食べませんでした I did not eat. Polite forms • Some other frequently used one-step verbs are miru “see,” miseru “show,” iru “exist, stay,” oboeru “memorize,” neru “sleep,” and kiru “wear.” • The suffixes seru (causative) and rareru (passive) also conjugate as one-step verbs. 食べ Stem “Without” 食べず（に） 食べて te-form Neg. te-form 食べないで 食べなくて 食べよう “Let’s” 食べれば Hypothetical Neg. hypothetical 食べなければ Imperative 食べろ Causative 食べさせる Potential 食べられる Passive 食べられる

6. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ta-line five-step verbs, using matsu “wait” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs たちつてと　っ Direct forms 待つ（まつ） I wait. 待った I waited. 待たない I do not wait. 待たなかった I did not wait. Polite forms 待ちます I wait. 待ちました I waited. 待ちません I do not wait. 待ちませんでした I did not wait. 待ち “Without” 待たず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 待って 待たないで 待たなくて 待とう “Let’s” • Some other frequently used ta-line five-step verbs are katsu “win,” tatsu “stand,” and motsu “hold.” 待てば Hypothetical 待たなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 待たせる Imperative 待て Potential Passive 待てる 待たれる

7. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ra-line five-step verbs, using uru “sell” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs らりるれろ　っ Direct forms 売る（うる） I sell X. 売った I sold X. 売らない I do not sell X. 売らなかった I did not sell X. Polite forms 売ります I sell X. 売りました I sold X. 売りません I do not sell X. 売りませんでした I did not sell X. 売り “Without” 売らず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 売って 売らないで 売らなくて • Some other frequently used ra-line five-step verbs are iru “need,” kiru “cut,” shiru “come to know,” toru “take,” naru “become,” noru “get on,” furu “rain,” and yaru “do.” 売ろう “Let’s” 売れば Hypothetical 売らなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 売らせる Imperative 売れ Potential Passive 売れる 売られる

8. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of wa-line five-step verbs, using kau “buy” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs わうお　っ Direct forms 買う（かう） I buy X. 買った I bought X. 買わない I do not buy X. 買わなかった I did not buy X. Polite forms 買います I buy X. 買いました I bought X. 買いません I do not buy X. 買いませんでした I did not buy X. 買い “Without” 買わず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 買って 買わないで 買わなくて 買おう “Let’s” • Some other frequently used wa-line five-step verbs are au “meet,” iu “say,” suu “inhale,” and warau “laugh.” 買えば Hypothetical 買わなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 買わせる Imperative 買え Passive 買われる Potential 買える

9. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ba-line five-step verbs, using tobu “fly” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs ばびぶべぼ　ん Direct forms 飛ぶ（とぶ） It flies. 飛んだ It flew. 飛ばない It does not fly. 飛ばなかった It did not fly. Polite forms 飛びます It flies. 飛びました It flew. 飛びません It does not fly. 飛びませんでした I did not fly. 飛び “Without” 飛ばず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 飛んで 飛ばないで 飛ばなくて 飛ぼう “Let’s” • Some other frequently used ba-line five-step verbs are asobu “play,” yobu “summon,” hakobu “transport,” and musubu “tie.” 飛べば Hypothetical 飛ばなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 飛ばせる Imperative 飛べ Potential Passive 飛べる 飛ばれる

10. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ma-line five-step verbs, using nomu “drink” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs まみむめも　ん Direct forms 飲む（のむ） I drink X. 飲んだ I drank X. 飲まない I do not drink X. 飲まなかった I did not drink X. Polite forms 飲みます I drink X. 飲みました I drank X. 飲みません I do not drink X. 飲みませんでした I did not drink X. 飲み “Without” 飲まず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 飲んで 飲まないで 飲まなくて 飲もう “Let’s” • Some other frequently used ma-line five-step verbs are yomu “read,” tanomu “request,” tsutsumu “wrap,” and sumu “reside.” 飲めば Hypothetical 飲まなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 飲ませる Imperative 飲め Potential Passive 飲める 飲まれる

11. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of the only na-line five-step verb, shinu “die.” Conjugations of five-step verbs なにぬねの　ん Direct forms 死ぬ（しぬ） It will die. 死んだ I died. 死なない It will not die. 死ななかった I did not die. Polite forms 死にます It will die. 死にました It died. 死にません It will not die. 死にませんでした It did not die. 死に “Without” 死なず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 死んで 死なないで 死ななくて 死のう “Let’s” 死ねば Hypothetical 死ななければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 死なせる Imperative 死ね Potential Passive 死ねる 死なれる

12. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ka-line five-step verbs, using kaku “write” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs かきくけこ　い Direct forms 書く（かく） I write X. 書いた I wrote X. 書かない I do not write X. 書かなかった I did not write X. Polite forms 書きます I write X. 書きました I wrote X. 書きません I do not write X. 書きませんでした I did not write X. 書き “Without” 書かず（に） Stem • Some other frequently used ma-line five-step verbs are aku “open,” aruku “walk,” oku “place,” kiku “listen,” saku “bloom,” suku “become empty,” naku “cry,” fuku “wipe,” and yaku “broil.” Neg. te-form te-form 書いて 書かないで 書かなくて 書こう “Let’s” 書けば Hypothetical 書かなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 書かせる Imperative 書け Potential Passive 書ける 書かれる

13. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of ga-line five-step verbs, using isogu “be in a hurry” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs がぎぐげご　い Direct forms 急ぐ（いそぐ） I am in a hurry. 急いだ I was in a hurry. 急がない I am not in a hurry. 急がなかった I was not in a hurry. Polite forms 急ぎます I am in a hurry. 急ぎました I was in a hurry. 急ぎません I am not in a hurry. 急ぎませんでした I was not in a hurry. 急ぎ “Without” 急がず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 急いで 急がないで 急がなくて • Some other frequently used ga-line five-step verbs are oyogu “swim,” nugu “take off (clothing),” and sawagu “make a noise.” 急ごう “Let’s” 急げば Hypothetical 急がなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 急がせる Imperative 急げ Potential Passive 急げる 急がれる

14. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of sa-line five-step verbs, using hanasu “talk” as the example. Conjugations of five-step verbs さしすせそ Direct forms 話す（はなす） I will talk. 話した I talked. 話さない I will not talk. 話さなかった I did not talk. Polite forms 話します I will talk. 話しました I talked. 話しません I will not talk. 話しませんでした I did not talk. 話し “Without” 話さず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 話して 話さないで 話さなくて • Some other frequently used sa-line five-step verbs are kasu “lend,” kesu “extinguish,” sagasu “look for,” fuyasu “increase,” herasu “decrease,” and hosu “dry.” 話そう “Let’s” 話せば Hypothetical 話さなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 話させる Imperative 話せ Potential Passive 話せる 話される

15. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of honorific verbs, using nasaru “do” as the example. • This verb is essentially a ra-line five-step verb. The polite forms have i instead of expected ri. Conjugations of honorific verbs Honorific verbs Direct forms なさる She does X. なさった She did X. なさらない She does not do X. なさらなかった She did not do X. Polite forms なさいます She does X. なさいました She did X. なさいません She does not do X. なさいませんでした She did not do X. なさり “Without” なさらず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form なさって なさらないで なさらなくて なさろう “Let’s” • The other verbs which behave the same way are irassharu “exist, go, come,” kudasaru “give (to me),” and ossharu “say.” なされば Hypothetical なさらなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative Imperative Potential Passive

16. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of iku “go.” • This verb is essentially a ka-line five-step verb. The difference is limited to the direct past form and the te-form in which smalltsu appears rather than the expected i. Conjugations of irregular verbs “go” Direct forms 行く（いく） I will go. 行った I went. 行かない I will not go. 行かなかった I did not go. Polite forms 行きます I will go. 行きました I went. 行きません I will not go. 行きませんでした I did not go. 行き “Without” 行かず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form 行って 行かないで 行かなくて 行こう “Let’s” 行けば Hypothetical 行かなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative 行かせる Imperative 行け Potential Passive 行ける 行かれる

17. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of suru “do.” • This verb behaves largely as a one-step verb with some irregularities. Conjugations of irregular verbs “do” Direct forms する I will do X. した I did X. しない I do not do X. しなかった I did not do X. Polite forms します I will do X. しました I did X. しません I did not do X. しませんでした I did not do X. し “Without” せず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form して しないで しなくて • This verb is also used with activity nouns as in benkyô-suru “study,” sôji-suru “sweep, clean,” sentaku-suru “wash,” ryôri-suru “cook,” and ryokô-suru “travel.” しよう “Let’s” すれば Hypothetical しなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative させる Imperative しろ Potential Passive できる される

18. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of kuru “come.” • This verb is a very irregular one-step verb. Conjugations of irregular verbs “come” Direct forms くる（来る） They will come. きた They came. こない They will not come. こなかった They did not come. Polite forms きます They will come. きました They came. きません They will not come. きませんでした They did not come. き “Without” こず（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form きて こないで こなくて こよう “Let’s” くれば Hypothetical こなければ Neg. hypothetical Causative こさせる Imperative こい Potential Passive こられる こられる

19. The diagram to the right shows various basic forms of aru “exist, have.” • It is a defective ra-line five-step verb. The negative forms are based on the adjective nai. Conjugations of irregular verbs “exist, have” Direct forms ある. There is X. あった There was X. ない There is not X. なかった There was not X. Polite forms あります There is X. ありました There was X. ありません There is not X. ありませんでした There was not X. あり “Without” なし（に） Stem Neg. te-form te-form あって ないで なくて “Let’s” あれば Hypothetical なければ Neg. hypothetical Causative Imperative Potential Passive