Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix

1. VisualizingJapanese GrammarAppendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University

2. The table to the right summarizes direct-style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms. • Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds. Direct-style forms of adjectives and nouns Positive Negative I-adjectives高い 高くない 高かった 高くなかった Na-adjectivesきれいだ きれいじゃない きれいだった きれいじゃなかった Nouns学生だ 学生じゃない 学生だった 学生じゃなかった

3. The table to the right summarizes direct-style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms. • Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds. Direct-style forms of verbs Positive Negative One-step verbs食べる 食べない 食べた 食べなかった TA-RA-WA-line verbs待つ 待たない 待った 待たなかった BA-MA-NA-line verbs読む 読まない 読んだ 読まなかった KA-line verbs歩く 歩かない 歩いた 歩かなかった GA-line verbs急ぐ 急がない 急いだ 急がなかった SA-line verbs話す 話さない 話した 話さなかった

4. And here are irregular verbs. Direct-style forms of verbs Positive Negative “to go”行く 行かない 行った 行かなかった “to do”する しない した しなかった “to come”くる こない きた こなかった “to exist”ある ない あった なかった

5. To the right, various patterns that use direct forms are illustrated by using nomu “drink” as the example. Patterns employing direct-style present forms By itself 飲む I will drink. Modifying a noun 飲むもの things to drink 飲む人 person who drinks Modifying a pronoun 飲むの the one I will drink Nominalized by no 飲むの drinking With a temporal phrase 飲む前 before I drink 飲むまで until I drink 飲む時 when I drink

6. And here are some more. Patterns employing direct-style present forms With a data source marker or a likelihood marker 飲むようだ It appears they will drink. 飲むらしい It appears they will drink. 飲むみたいだ It appears they will drink. 飲むそうだ I hear that they drink. 飲む予定だ We plan to drink. 飲むつもりだ I intend to drink. 飲むはずだ My understanding is that they will drink. 飲むだろう Probably they will drink. 飲むかもしれない They might drink. Other 飲むわけにはいかない I cannot allow myself to drink. 飲むんじゃない It is not that we will drink.

7. Direct-style past forms appear with most of the previous patterns. Patterns employing direct-style past forms By itself 飲んだ We drank. Modifying a noun 飲んだもの things to drink 飲んだ人 person who drinks Modifying a pronoun 飲んだの the one I drank Nominalized by no 飲んだの the fact that I drank With a temporal phrase 飲んだ後 after I drank 飲んだ時 when I have drunk

8. And some more. Patterns employing direct-style past forms With a data source marker or a likelihood marker 飲んだようだ It appears they drank. 飲んだらしい It appears they drank. 飲んだみたいだ It appears they drank. 飲んだそうだ I hear that they drank. 飲んだつもりだ I believe I drank (but I could be mistaken). 飲んだはずだ My understanding is that they drank. 飲んだだろう Probably they drank. 飲んだかもしれない They might have drunk. Other 飲んだんじゃない It is not that we drank. Patterns containing homophonous parts 飲んだら once you drink 飲んだり drinking and such

9. And here is how to use the direct-style volitional forms. Direct-style volitional forms By itself 飲もう Let’s drink. With to 飲もうとする I try to drink. 飲もうと思う I contemplate drinking. 飲もうかと考える I wonder if I should drink.